Comportamiento y salud en la vejez

Determinados comportamientos pueden ser factores protectores y promotores de salud, o actuar como variables de riesgo de mortalidad prematura, de morbilidad y de discapacidad funcional. Frente a las enfermedades ligadas a la cronología, el comportamiento pasaría a constituir una variable crucial de las enfermedades de biografía. En este artículo se presenta una sucinta revisión de trabajos epidemiológicos que han analizado la relación comportamiento y salud en gerontología. Se presenta también una breve síntesis en relación al estado actual de algunos comportamientos de elección personal implicados en la salud del anciano o de interés para un envejecimiento satisfactorio: fumar, alcohol, ejercicio físico, comportamiento alimentario, hábitos de sueño, y sexo seguro. Finalmente, se sugieren algunas implicaciones prácticas de la revisión, destacando la necesidad de incorporar a las personas de edad en los programas de promoción de comportamientos de salud y de prevención de enfermedad, y de valorar la evidencia científica disponible ala hora de aconsejar cambios en determinados comportamientos de riesgo, sobre todo en aquellos ancianos sin problemas de salud para los que ciertos comportamientos se asocian a un hedonismo ponderado y a disfrute de la vida.

What do older people understand by mobility-related difficulties?

Despite the centrality of the difficulty concept in the study of disability, there has been little research on its significance from the point of view of people with functional limitations. The main objective of this study was to describe what older people understand when asked about difficulty in undertaking mobility activities. As a secondary objective, we considered whether there are any differences depending on the type of activities, according to the International Classification of Functioning (ICF) mobility domains. Methods: Seventeen community-dwelling men and women aged 70 years old or over were interviewed by means of a questionnaire containing 55 items covering the ICF mobility domains. The participants responded to the items while thinking aloud, saying what led them to give a specific answer about their level of difficulty. Inductive content analysis was conducted and categories, subthemes and themes were identified. Results: Causes of difficulty (pathologies, impairments, symptoms) and accommodations (task modifications and use of aids) were the two themes identified; and their importance (and that of the subthemes included) varied across the types of activity. All the participants said that they had no difficulty in at least one task, despite mentioning changes in the way they performed them. Conclusions: Older people's opinions were consistent with theoretical models of disability and with the standard practice of measuring functional limitations by asking about the degree of difficulty; however, the design of these measures needs to be improved in order to detect perceptions of no difficulty in the presence of task modification.