Behaviours, Processes and Probabilistic Environmental Functions in H-Open Systems

The Patten’s Theory of the Environment, supposes an impotent contribution to the Theoretical Ecology. The hypothesis of the duality of environments, the creaon and genon functions and the three developed propositions are so much of great importance in the field of the Applied Mathematical as Ecology. The authors have undertaken an amplification and revision of this theory, developing the following steps: 1) A theory of processes. 2) A definition of structural and behavioural functions. 3) A probabilistic definition of the environmental functions. In this paper the authors develop the theory of behavioural functions, begin the theory of environmental functions and give a complementary focus to the theory of processes that has been developed in precedent papers.

Simultaneous environmental and economic process synthesis of Isobutane Alkylation

This multidisciplinary study concerns the optimal design of processes with a view to both maximizing profit and minimizing environmental impacts. This can be achieved by a combination of traditional chemical process design methods, measurements of environmental impacts and advanced mathematical optimization techniques. More to the point, this paper presents a hybrid simulation-multiobjective optimization approach that at once optimizes the production cost and minimizes the associated environmental impacts of isobutane alkylation. This approach has also made it possible to obtain the flowsheet configurations and process variables that are needed to manufacture isooctane in a way that satisfies the above-stated double aim. The problem is formulated as a Generalized Disjunctive Programming problem and solved using state-of-the-art logic-based algorithms. It is shown, starting from existing alternatives for the process, that it is possible to systematically generate a superstructure that includes alternatives not previously considered. The optimal solution, in the form a Pareto curve, includes different structural alternatives from which the most suitable design can be selected. To evaluate the environmental impact, Life Cycle Assessment based on two different indicators is employed: Ecoindicator 99 and Global Warming Potential.

A GIS-based methodology to quantitatively define an Adjacent Protected Area in a shallow karst cavity: The case of Altamira cave

Different types of land use are usually present in the areas adjacent to many shallow karst cavities. Over time, the increasing amount of potentially harmful matter and energy, of mainly anthropic origin or influence, that reaches the interior of a shallow karst cavity can modify the hypogeal ecosystem and increase the risk of damage to the Palaeolithic rock art often preserved within the cavity. This study proposes a new Protected Area status based on the geological processes that control these matter and energy fluxes into the Altamira cave karst system. Analysis of the geological characteristics of the shallow karst system shows that direct and lateral infiltration, internal water circulation, ventilation, gas exchange and transmission of vibrations are the processes that control these matter and energy fluxes into the cave. This study applies a comprehensive methodological approach based on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to establish the area of influence of each transfer process. The stratigraphic and structural characteristics of the interior of the cave were determined using 3D Laser Scanning topography combined with classical field work, data gathering, cartography and a porosity–permeability analysis of host rock samples. As a result, it was possible to determine the hydrogeological behavior of the cave. In addition, by mapping and modeling the surface parameters it was possible to identify the main features restricting hydrological behavior and hence direct and lateral infiltration into the cave. These surface parameters included the shape of the drainage network and a geomorphological and structural characterization via digital terrain models. Geological and geomorphological maps and models integrated into the GIS environment defined the areas involved in gas exchange and ventilation processes. Likewise, areas that could potentially transmit vibrations directly into the cave were identified. This study shows that it is possible to define a Protected Area by quantifying the area of influence related to each transfer process. The combined maximum area of influence of all the processes will result in the new Protected Area. This area will thus encompass all the processes that account for most of the matter and energy carried into the cave and will fulfill the criteria used to define the Protected Area. This methodology is based on the spatial quantification of processes and entities of geological origin and can therefore be applied to any shallow karst system that requires protection.

Conceptual Modelling of Complex Network Management Systems

Society, as we know it today, is completely dependent on computer networks, Internet and distributed systems, which place at our disposal the necessary services to perform our daily tasks. Moreover, and unconsciously, all services and distributed systems require network management systems. These systems allow us to, in general, maintain, manage, configure, scale, adapt, modify, edit, protect or improve the main distributed systems. Their role is secondary and is unknown and transparent to the users. They provide the necessary support to maintain the distributed systems whose services we use every day. If we don’t consider network management systems during the development stage of main distributed systems, then there could be serious consequences or even total failures in the development of the distributed systems. It is necessary, therefore, to consider the management of the systems within the design of distributed systems and systematize their conception to minimize the impact of the management of networks within the project of distributed systems. In this paper, we present a formalization method of the conceptual modelling for design of a network management system through the use of formal modelling tools, thus allowing from the definition of processes to identify those responsible for these. Finally we will propose a use case to design a conceptual model intrusion detection system in network.

Coinage Metal Complexes as Chiral Catalysts for 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions

In this account, we describe the experience of our research group in the implementation of chiral coinage metal complexes into the efficient enantioselective 1,3-DC of azomethine ylides derived from α-amino acids and azlactones with different dipolarophiles. The corresponding chiral metallodipoles were generated in situ and next focused on the synthesis of highly substituted prolines. For this purpose, privileged ligands such as phosphoramidites and binap with silver(I), gold(I) and copper(II) salts are described. Depending from the ligand and mainly from the metal salt it can be possible to control the facial endo/exo-diasteroselectivity and the enantioselectivity of these types of processes. The synthetic processes are also supported by DFT calculations in order to elucidate the most plausible mechanism and the stereochemical results.

Memoria, iconografía y paisaje: a propósito del uso de la fotografía como fuente geográfica

La memoria es una facultad humana de inequívoca importancia en el manejo de los conocimientos. Los localiza temporal y espacialmente y deviene un factor esencial de nuestro reconocimiento, tanto individual como socialmente: “memoria personal versus memoria colectiva”. a) Una de las opciones metodológicas de la Geografía, la llamada “histórica”, en la que este trabajo se inserta, procesa las distintas fuentes y datos del pasado para alcanzar explicaciones del presente. b) De entre ellas, la fotografía ha alcanzado un valor relevante especialmente en el análisis de procesos de cambios paisajísticos veloces, los que es posible disponer de “series fotográficas” capaces de fijar el proceso en imágenes, trasuntos fieles de la realidad. c) Desde esas perspectivas metodológicas, se presente el estudio de un caso: la orilla del Guadalquivir por Coria del Río (Sevilla).La memoria es una facultad humana de inequívoca importancia en el manejo de los conocimientos. Los localiza temporal y espacialmente y deviene un factor esencial de nuestro reconocimiento, tanto individual como socialmente: “memoria personal versus memoria colectiva”. a) Una de las opciones metodológicas de la Geografía, la llamada “histórica”, en la que este trabajo se inserta, procesa las distintas fuentes y datos del pasado para alcanzar explicaciones del presente. b) De entre ellas, la fotografía ha alcanzado un valor relevante especialmente en el análisis de procesos de cambios paisajísticos veloces, los que es posible disponer de “series fotográficas” capaces de fijar el proceso en imágenes, trasuntos fieles de la realidad. c) Desde esas perspectivas metodológicas, se presente el estudio de un caso: la orilla del Guadalquivir por Coria del Río (Sevilla).

Postproduciendo (casi) nada

Postproducción es un término extraído de la industria audiovisual que alude a todas las operaciones realizadas sobre un material YA grabado o existente: música, fotografías, videos, películas, pinturas, etc. Tiene mayoritariamente un carácter entrópico, de liberación continua e irreversible de energías y nuevos productos reprogramados que revisan productos ya anteriormente reprogramados, y así de manera sucesiva hasta el infinito. ¿Podríamos imaginar una postproducción de sentido contrario? ¿Una postproducción cuyo esfuerzo tienda a cero? ¿Y si ahora preferimos seguir postproduciendo pero haciéndolo desde (casi) nada? Si extrapolamos esta otra acepción directamente hacia la práctica arquitectónica, estaríamos reivindicando una forma explícita de eficacia donde la manera de proceder (la mejor opción, la más sostenible) puede ser precisamente ‘no hacer’ o ‘hacer muy poco’. Una semejanza que nos emparentaría con Bartleby, el personaje de Herman Melville y su célebre frase: “preferiría no hacerlo”.