5 resultados para Water Source Areas

em Universidad de Alicante


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Conceptual frameworks of dryland degradation commonly include ecohydrological feedbacks between landscape spatial organization and resource loss, so that decreasing cover and size of vegetation patches result in higher water and soil losses, which lead to further vegetation loss. However, the impacts of these feedbacks on dryland dynamics in response to external stress have barely been tested. Using a spatially-explicit model, we represented feedbacks between vegetation pattern and landscape resource loss by establishing a negative dependence of plant establishment on the connectivity of runoff-source areas (e.g., bare soils). We assessed the impact of various feedback strengths on the response of dryland ecosystems to changing external conditions. In general, for a given external pressure, these connectivity-mediated feedbacks decrease vegetation cover at equilibrium, which indicates a decrease in ecosystem resistance. Along a gradient of gradual increase of environmental pressure (e.g., aridity), the connectivity-mediated feedbacks decrease the amount of pressure required to cause a critical shift to a degraded state (ecosystem resilience). If environmental conditions improve, these feedbacks increase the pressure release needed to achieve the ecosystem recovery (restoration potential). The impact of these feedbacks on dryland response to external stress is markedly non-linear, which relies on the non-linear negative relationship between bare-soil connectivity and vegetation cover. Modelling studies on dryland vegetation dynamics not accounting for the connectivity-mediated feedbacks studied here may overestimate the resistance, resilience and restoration potential of drylands in response to environmental and human pressures. Our results also suggest that changes in vegetation pattern and associated hydrological connectivity may be more informative early-warning indicators of dryland degradation than changes in vegetation cover.

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Sandstone petrography and mudstone mineralogy and geochemistry of Triassic mudstones and sandstones from continental redbeds of the Malaguide Complex (Betic Cordillera, southern Spain) provide useful information on provenance, palaeoclimate and geodynamics during the early stages of the Pangea break-up, and on their diagenetic evolution. The sandstones are quartzarenites to sub-litharenites, with minor lithic fragments and rare feldspars. The mudstone samples show a PAAS like elemental distribution. The samples likely record recycling processes from their metasedimentary basement rocks that significantly affected the weathering indices, and monitors cumulative effects, including a first cycle of weathering at the source rocks. Sandstone composition and chemical–mineralogical features of mudstones record a provenance derived from continental block and recycled orogen that were weathered under warm and episodically wet climate. Source areas were located towards the east of the present-day Malaguide outcrops, and were formed by fairly silicic rock types, made up mainly of Palaezoic metasedimentary rocks, similar to those of the Paleozoic underlying series, with subordinate contributions from magmatic–metamorphic sources, and a rare supply from mafic metavolcanic rocks. Clay-mineral distribution of mudstones is dominated by illite and illite/smectite mixed-layer that result from differences in provenance, weathering, and burial/temperature history. Illite crystallinity values, illitization of kaolinite, occurrence of typical authigenic minerals and apatite fission-track studies, coupled with a subsidence analysis of the whole Malaguide succession suggest burial depths of at least 4–6 km with temperatures of 140–160 °C, typical of the burial diagenetic stage, and confirm the Middle Miocene exhumation of the Betic Internal Domain tectonic stack topped by the Malaguide Complex.

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Este estudio pretende profundizar en el conocimiento sobre el funcionamiento de pequeños humedales mediterráneos, en estado de degradación, que, por razones históricas y socioeconómicas, han quedado confinados en un espacio urbano, olvidando la importancia ambiental de estas anomalías hídricas positivas en espacios sometidos a déficit hídrico. Este tipo de humedales, como el de Calpe (Alicante), suelen localizarse en áreas costeras de alta densidad urbana, lo que supone un importante valor añadido desde la ordenación y gestión territorial, ya que contribuyen a mantener la conectividad ambiental a una escala mucho más amplia, funcionando como auténticos reservorios de biodiversidad. Así, se ha llevado a cabo una aproximación holística, analizando el estado actual de la lámina de agua y del espacio circundante, donde se han incluido parámetros del medio físico, del medio biótico y los usos del suelo. Para ello se han combinado técnicas de muestreo de campo con el uso de GPS y sistemas de información geográfica (SIG). Una vez detectadas las amenazas, y estudiado el potencial ecológico del humedal, se ha desarrollado un plan de restauración y conservación de la zona con la pretensión de implicar a la población local para devolver a este espacio el protagonismo que merece. En definitiva, se pretende proporcionar las herramientas teóricas y técnicas necesarias para garantizar la conservación y gestión sostenible de los humedales costeros urbanos y sus recursos naturales.

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Los sedimentos continentales (Plioceno-Cuaternario) que afloran en el sector central de la Cuenca de Guadix (Sur de España) muestran una ciclicidad de 100 ka consistente en la alternancia de depósitos de abanicos aluviales y sedimentos fluvio-lacustres. Durante el Plioceno y el Pleistoceno la Cuenca de Guadix era endorreica, y se caracterizaba por la existencia de un sistema axial fluvial y una orla marginal de abanicos aluviales transversales. En la zona de estudio, estos sistemas estaban relacionados lateralmente, ocupando de forma alterna el valle axial en el sector central de la Cuenca de Guadix. La edad estimada para la alternancia, ca. 100 ka, cae en la banda de excentricidad de alta frecuencia de Milankovitch. Estas fases podrían interpretarse como el resultado de máximos de excentricidad (inviernos más largos y fríos, con mayor volumen de precipitaciones que favorecerían las progradaciones de los abanicos) o de excentricidad mínima (períodos más secos y fríos, con una cubierta vegetal más escasa en las áreas fuente y, por tanto, un mayor aporte de sedimento por precipitaciones muy concentradas en el tiempo al sistema aluvial). Se muestra cómo los datos paleomagnéticos no son lo suficientemente precisos para proporcionar una buena correlación de las fases de progradación con la curva de excentricidad de Laskar et al. (2004), por lo que se pone en duda su precisión a la hora de determinar el significado climático de la ciclicidad.

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Six Paleogene-Aquitanian successions have been reconstructed in the Alicante area (eastern External Betic Zone). The lithofacies association evidences “catastrophic” syn-sedimentary tectonic processes consisting of slumps, mega-olisthostromes, “pillow-beds” and turbiditic deposits. This kind of sedimentation is related to unconformity surfaces delimiting sequence and para-sequence cycles in the stratigraphic record. The data compiled have enabled the reconstruction of the Paleogene-Aquitanian paleogeographic and geodynamic evolution of this sector of the External Betics. During the Eocene the sedimentary basin is interpreted as a narrow trough affected by (growth) folding related to blind thrust faulting with a source area from the north-western margin, while the southeastern margin remained inactive. During the Oligocene-Aquitanian, the sourcing margin becames the southeastern margin of the basin affected by a catastrophic tectonic. The activity of the margins is identified from specific sediment source areas for the platform-slope-trough system and from tectofacies analysis. The southeastern South Iberian Margin is thought to be closer to the Internal Betic Zone, which was tectonically pushing towards the South Iberian Margin. This pushing could generate a lateral progressive elimination of subbetic paleogeographic domains in the eastern Betics. This geodynamic frame could explain the development of such “catastrophic” tectono-sedimentary processes during the Late Oligocene-Early Miocene.