Sol–Gel Coordination Chemistry: Building Catalysts from the Bottom-Up

The development of synthetic routes for the tailoring of efficient silica-based heterogeneous catalysts functionalized with coordination complexes or metallic nanoparticles has become a important goal in chemistry. Most of these techniques have been based on postsynthetic treatments of preformed silicas. Nevertheless, there is an emerging approach, so-called sol–gel coordination chemistry, based on co-condensation during the sol–gel preparation of the hybrid material of the corresponding complex or nanoparticle modified with terminal trialkoxysilane groups with a silica source (such as tetraethoxysilane) and in the presence of an adequate surfactant. This method leads to the production of new mesoporous metal complex-silica materials, with the metallic functionality incorporated homogeneously into the structure of the hybrid material, improving the stability of the coordination complex (which is protected by the silica network) and reducing the leaching of the active phase. This technique also offers the actual possibility of functionalizing silica or other metal oxides for a wider range of applications, such as photonics, sensing, and biochemical functions.

NHC-Ligand Effectiveness in the Fluorine-Free Hiyama Reaction of Aryl Halides

1-Benzyl-3-(2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)imidazolium chloride (5), which is a precursor of an N-heterocyclic carbene ligand, in combination with palladium acetate, has been employed as an effective catalyst for the fluorine-free Hiyama reaction. A systematic study of the catalytic mixture, by a 32 factorial design, has revealed that both the amount of palladium and the Pd/NHC precursor ratio are important factors for obtaining good yields of the coupling products, indicating an interaction between them. The best catalytic system involves mixing 0.1 mol-% palladium acetate in a 1:5 ratio (Pd/salt 5), which allows the effective coupling of a range of aryl bromides and chlorides with trimethoxy(phenyl)silane. The Hiyama reactions are carried out in NaOH solution (50 % H2O w/w), at 120 °C under microwave irradiation during 60 min.

1,2-Functionalized Imidazoles as Palladium Ligands: An Efficient and Robust Catalytic System for the Fluorine-Free Hiyama Reaction

A variety of hydroxy- and amino-functionalized imidazoles were prepared from 1-methyl- and 1-(diethoxymethyl)imidazole by means of isoprene-mediated lithiation followed by reaction with an electrophile. These compounds in combination with palladium acetate were screened as catalyst systems for the Hiyama reaction under fluorine-free conditions using microwave irradiation. The systematic study of the catalytic system showed 1-methyl-2-aminoalkylimidazole derivative L1 to be the best ligand, which was employed under solvent-free conditions with a 1:2 Pd/ligand ratio and TBAB (20 mol-%) as additive. The study has revealed an interaction between the Pd/ligand ratio and the amount of TBAB. The established catalytic system presented a certain degree of robustness, and it has been successfully employed in the coupling of a range of aryl bromides and chlorides with different aryl siloxanes. Furthermore, both reagents were employed in an equimolecular amount, without an excess of organosilane.