Immunohistochemical evidence of synaptic retraction, cytoarchitectural remodeling, and cell death in the inner retina of the rat model of Oygen-Induced Retinopathy (OIR)

Purpose. Postnatal exposure to hyperoxia destroys the plexiform layers of the neonatal rat retina, resulting in significant electroretinographic anomalies. The purpose of this study was to identify the mechanisms at the origin of this loss. Methods. Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Long Evans (LE) rats were exposed to hyperoxia from birth to postnatal day (P) 6 or P14 and from P6 to P14, after which rats were euthanatized at P6, P14, or P60. Results. At P60, synaptophysin staining confirmed the lack of functional synaptic terminals in SD (outer plexiform layer [OPL]) and LE (OPL and inner plexiform layer [IPL]) rats. Uneven staining of ON-bipolar cell terminals with mGluR6 suggests that their loss could play a role in OPL thinning. Protein kinase C(PKC)-α and recoverin (rod and cone ON-bipolar cells, respectively) showed a lack of dendritic terminals in the OPL with disorganized axonal projections in the IPL. Although photoreceptor nuclei appeared intact, a decrease in bassoon staining (synaptic ribbon terminals) suggests limited communication to the inner retina. Findings were significantly more pronounced in LE rats. An increase in TUNEL-positive cells was observed in LE (inner nuclear layer [INL] and outer nuclear layer [ONL]) and SD (INL) rats after P0 to P14 exposure (425.3%, 102.2%, and 146.3% greater than control, respectively [P < 0.05]). Conclusions. Results suggest that cell death and synaptic retraction are at the root of OPL thinning. Increased TUNEL-positive cells in the INL confirm that cells die, at least in part, because of apoptosis. These findings propose a previously undescribed mechanism of cell death and synaptic retraction that are likely at the origin of the functional consequences of hyperoxia.

Evaluación de las comunicaciones de un congreso de marketing y su posterior publicación

Tradicionalmente, la literatura ha evidenciado debilidades en el sistema de revisión por pares en el ámbito de los artículos publicados en revistas. Hasta la fecha apenas se ha dedicado atención a estas debilidades en el campo de los congresos. Este trabajo examina los factores determinantes de las evaluaciones por pares que reciben las comunicaciones de los congresos a partir de las características de sus autores y del propio manuscrito. Asimismo, analiza la relación existente entre el grado de aceptación/rechazo de las comunicaciones y la calidad de las publicaciones posteriores que se derivan de las mismas. Los resultados obtenidos en un congreso de marketing evidencian que la orientación cuantitativa, las referencias bibliográficas y las notas a pie de página influyen en la evaluación por pares de las comunicaciones. Además, se detecta que aquellas comunicaciones que son aceptadas para su presentación en el congreso, posteriormente resultan publicadas en revistas de mayor calidad.

Caracterización clínica y anatómica del segmento anterior mediante tecnología de cámara Scheimpflug en un caso de lenticono posterior

Presentamos un caso de pérdida de agudeza visual unilateral no explicable por factores corneales o retinianos en el que se detecta un lenticono posterior mediante tecnología de cámara Scheimpflug. En concreto, se trata de una paciente de 7 años de edad que acude con una disminución de la agudeza visual del ojo derecho desde hacía tres años. La agudeza visual del ojo derecho en lejos es de 0,3 con la mejor corrección y de cerca de 0,8. Se observaron reflejos retinoscópicos en tijera, así como la presencia de una pequeña opacidad lenticular polar posterior mediante biomicroscopía. No tenía antecedentes de patología ocular ni presentaba ninguna alteración compatible con el síndrome de Alport o el síndrome de Morning Glory, así como tampoco presentaba ningún tipo de alergia. Mediante un análisis con un sistema basado en tecnología de cámara Scheimpflug se pudo detectar un encurvamiento de la cara posterior del cristalino, confirmando el diagnóstico de lenticono posterior. La pérdida visual puede ser debida a que el lenticono se encuentra en la zona paracentral del cristalino, pudiendo también contribuir la opacidad congénita del cristalino. En conclusión, el ópticooptometrista, como primer eslabón en la atención visual primaria, puede pensar en el potencial diagnóstico de lenticono cuando no existe una pérdida de agudeza visual sin causa corneal, retiniana o refractiva que lo justifique, siendo la tecnología de cámara Scheimpflug muy útil para la confirmación del diagnóstico.

Visual and optical performance and quality of life after implantation of posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens

Purpose To evaluate visual, optical, and quality of life (QoL) outcomes and intercorrelations after bilateral implantation of posterior chamber phakic intraocular lenses. Methods Twenty eyes with high to moderate myopia of 10 patients that underwent PRL implantation (Phakic Refractive Lens, Carl Zeiss Meditec AG) were examined. Refraction, visual acuity, photopic and low mesopic contrast sensitivity (CS) with and without glare, ocular aberrations, as well as QoL outcomes (National Eye Institute Refractive Error Quality of Life Instrument-42, NEI RQL-42) were evaluated at 12 months postoperatively. Results Significant improvement in uncorrected (UDVA) and best-corrected distance (CDVA) visual acuities were found postoperatively (p < 0.01), with significant reduction in spherical equivalent (p < 0.01). Low mesopic CS without glare was significantly better than measurements with glare for 1.5, 3, and 6 cycles/degree (p < 0.01). No significant correlations between higher order root mean square (RMS) with CDVA (r = −0.26, p = 0.27) and CS (r ≤ 0.45, p ≥ 0.05) were found. Postoperative binocular photopic CS for 12 cycles/degree and 18 cycles/degree correlated significantly with several RQL-42 scales. Glare index correlated significantly with CS measures and scotopic pupil size (r = −0.551, p = 0.04), but not with higher order RMS (r = −0.02, p = 0.94). Postoperative higher order RMS, postoperative primary coma and postoperative spherical aberration was significant higher for 5-mm pupil diameter (p < 0.01) compared with controls. Conclusions Correction of moderate to high myopia by means of PRL implantation had a positive impact on CS and QoL. The aberrometric increase induced by the surgery does not seem to limit CS and QoL. However, perception of glare is still a relevant disturbance in some cases possibly related to the limitation of the optical zone of the PRL.

Comparative analysis of the relationship between anterior and posterior corneal shape analyzed by Scheimpflug photography in normal and keratoconus eyes

Background To analyze and compare the relationship between anterior and posterior corneal shape evaluated by a tomographic system combining the Scheimpflug photography and Placido-disc in keratoconus and normal healthy eyes, as well as to evaluate its potential diagnostic value. Methods Comparative case series including a sample of 161 eyes of 161 subjects with ages ranging from 7 to 66 years and divided into two groups: normal group including 100 healthy eyes of 100 subjects, and keratoconus group including 61 keratoconus eyes of 61 patients. All eyes received a comprehensive ophthalmologic examination including an anterior segment analysis with the Sirius system (CSO). Antero-posterior ratios for corneal curvature (k ratio) and shape factor (p ratio) were calculated. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate if some antero–posterior ratios combined with other clinical parameters were predictors of the presence of keratoconus. Results No statistically significant differences between groups were found in the antero–posterior k ratios for 3-, 5- and 7-mm diameter corneal areas (p ≥ 0.09). The antero–posterior p ratio for 4.5- and 8-mm diameter corneal areas was significantly higher in the normal group than in the keratoconus group (p < 0.01). The k ratio for 3, 5, and 7 mm was significantly higher in the keratoconus grade IV subgroup than in the normal group (p < 0.01). Furthermore, significant differences were found in the p ratio between the normal group and the keratoconus grade II subgroup (p ≤ 0.01). Finally, the logistic regression analysis identified as significant independent predictors of the presence of keratoconus (p < 0.01) the 8-mm anterior shape factor, the anterior chamber depth, and the minimal corneal thickness. Conclusions The antero-posterior k and p ratios are parameters with poor prediction ability for keratoconus, in spite of the trend to the presence of more prolate posterior corneal surfaces compared to the anterior in keratoconus eyes.

The posterior chamber phakic refractive lens (PRL): a review

Implantation of phakic intraocular lenses (pIOLs) is a reversible refractive procedure, preserving the patient’s accommodative function with minimal induction of higher order aberrations compared with corneal photoablative procedures. Despite this, as an intraocular procedure, it has potential risks such as cataracts, chronic uveitis, pupil ovalization, corneal endothelial cell loss, pigmentary dispersion syndrome, pupillary block glaucoma, astigmatism, or endophthalmitis. Currently, only two models of posterior chamber pIOLs are commercially available, the implantable collammer lens (STAAR Surgical Co.) and the phakic refractive lens (PRL; Zeiss Meditec). The number of published reports on the latter is very low, and some concerns still remain about its long-term safety. The present article reviews the published literature on the outcomes after PRL implantation in order to provide a general overview and evaluate its real potential as a surgical refractive option.

Diagnóstico de lenticono posterior

Presentamos un caso de ambliopía unilateral en una paciente de 7 años, no existiendo alteraciones refractivas, corneales o retinianas que lo justifiquen. La exploración mediante tecnología de cámara Scheimpflug permitió el diagnóstico de un Ienticono posterior asociado a una pequeña catarata congénita polar posterior. El estudio aberrométrico reveló la importancia óptica de dicha condición como causante de la ambliopía en este caso.

Correlation of the Corneal Toricity Between Anterior and Posterior Corneal Surfaces in the Normal Human Eye

Purpose: To evaluate the correlation of the magnitude of corneal toricity and power vector components of both corneal surfaces measured with a Scheimpflug photography-based system. Methods: A total of 117 healthy normal eyes of 117 subjects selected randomly with ages ranging from 7 to 80 years were included. All eyes received an anterior segment and corneal analysis with the Sirius system (CSO) evaluating the anterior and posterior mean toricity for 3 and 7 mm (aAST and pAST). The vector components J0 and J45 as well as the overall strength blur (B) were calculated for each keratometric measurement using the procedure defined by Thibos and Horner. Results: The coefficient of correlation between aAST and pAST was 0.52 and 0.62 and the mean anteroposterior ratio for toricity was 0.46 ± 0.39 and 0.57 ± 0.75 for 3 and 7 mm, respectively. These ratios correlated significantly with aAST, anterior corneal J0, and manifest refraction J0 (r ≥ 0.39, P < 0.01). The coefficient of correlation was 0.69 and 0.81 between anterior and posterior J0 for 3 and 7 mm, respectively. For J45, the coefficients were 0.62 and 0.71, respectively. The linear regression analysis revealed that the pAST and power vectors could be predicted from the anterior corneal data (R2 ≥ 0.40, P < 0.01). Conclusions: The toricity and astigmatic power vector components of the posterior corneal surface in the human healthy eye are related to those of the anterior and therefore can be predicted consistently from the anterior toricity and astigmatic power vectors.

Correlation of Anterior and Posterior Corneal Shape in Keratoconus

Purpose: To evaluate the correlation of the mean curvature and shape factors of both corneal surfaces for different corneal diameters measured with the Scheimpflug photography–based system in keratoconus eyes. Methods: A total of 61 keratoconus eyes of 61 subjects, aged 14 to 64 years, were included in this study. All eyes received a comprehensive ophthalmologic examination including anterior segment and corneal analysis with the Sirius system (CSO): anterior and posterior mean corneal radius for 3, 5, and 7 mm (aKM, pKM), anterior and posterior mean shape factor for 4.5 and 8 mm (ap, pp), central and minimal corneal thickness, and anterior chamber depth. Results: Mean aKM/pKM ratio around 1.20 (range, 0.95–1.48) was found for all corneal diameters (P = 0.24). Weak but significant correlations of this ratio with pachymetric parameters were found (r between −0.28 and −0.34, P < 0.04). The correlation coefficient between aKM and pKM was ≥0.92 for all corneal diameters. A strong and significant correlation was also found between ap and pp (r ≥ 0.86, P < 0.01). The multiple regression analysis revealed that central pKM was significantly correlated with aKM, central corneal thickness, anterior chamber depth, and spherical equivalent (R2 ≥ 0.88, P < 0.01) and that 8 mm pp was significantly correlated with 8 mm ap and age (R2 = 0.89, P < 0.01). Conclusions: Central posterior corneal curvature and shape factor in the keratoconus eye can be consistently predicted from the anterior corneal curvature and shape factor, respectively, in combination with other anatomical and ocular parameters.

Estudio del daño estructural y del posterior refuerzo de un edificio afectado por asientos inducidos por la subsidencia causada por un descenso del nivel piezométrico

La subsidencia del terreno es un riesgo natural consistente en el hundimiento de la superficie terrestre que genera importantes pérdidas económicas y gran alarma social. La subsidencia del terreno puede deberse a numerosas causas, entre ellas la extracción de agua de un acuífero, que se manifiestan en la superficie del terreno mediante deformaciones verticales que pueden variar desde pocos milímetros hasta varios metros a lo largo de periodos de tiempo que varían desde minutos hasta años. El presente trabajo muestra el caso real de un edificio de sótano, bajo y cinco plantas situado en el casco urbano de Murcia (España), seriamente afectado por asientos diferenciales inducidos por la subsidencia del terreno por descenso del nivel piezométrico. El edificio, construido entre 1983 y 1986, está cimentado por medio de una losa de hormigón armado que apoya sobre un estrato de arcillas limosas de consistencia blanda. Los primeros daños se manifiestan en 1995, coincidiendo con la sequía que aquejó a la vega de Murcia entre 1991 y 1995 y que produjo descensos generalizados del nivel freático del orden de 8 m de media y que en el presente caso alcanzan los 10 m, lo que se traduce en importantes asientos de consolidación que han afectado sensiblemente a la estructura. Con objeto de estabilizar la estructura se realizó un recalce de la cimentación mediante micropilotes. Un posterior seguimiento de la estructura mediante un plan de auscultación, ha puesto de manifiesto la validez del refuerzo proyectado.