Conformational changes of dissolved humic and fulvic superstructures with progressive iron complexation

Conformational changes of a humic acid (HA) and a fulvic acid (FA) induced by iron complexation were followed by high-performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) with both UV–vis and refractive index (RI) detectors. Molecular size distribution was reduced for HA and increased for FA with progressive iron complexation. Since interactions of Fe with humic components are electrostatic, it is likely that the triple-charged Fe ions formed stronger complexes with the more acidic hydrophilic and hydrated FA than with the less acidic and more hydrophobic HA. The large content of ionized carboxyl groups in FA, thus favored the formation of intra- or intermolecular bridges between the negatively charged fulvic acid molecules, and led to more compact and larger size network than for HA. Conversely, iron complexation with HA disrupted the humic conformational arrangements stabilized by only weak hydrophobic bonds into smaller-size aggregates of greater conformational stability due to formation of strong metal complexes. These results confirmed that humic molecules in solution were organized in supramolecular associations of relatively small molecules loosely bound together by dispersive interactions and hydrogen bonds, and they specifically responded to chemical changes brought about by metal additions. The present study revealed the molecular changes occurring in superstructures of natural organic matter when in metal complexes and contributed to understand and predict the environmental behavior in waters and soil of metal complexes with natural organic matter.

La conservación de los insectos en España, una cuestión no resuelta

Los insectos, el grupo de organismos vivos con la más alta biodiversidad conocida, agrupa el 55% de todas las especies descritas y se encuentran en todos los ecosistemas terrestres y de agua dulce donde ocupan una gran variedad de nichos, participando en todos los procesos ecológicos. Este grupo de animales presenta una alta diversidad de hábitos tróficos, pudiendo ser fitófagos, saprófagos, descomponedores, depredadores o parasitoides, siendo los principales responsables del reciclaje de más del 20% de la biomasa vegetal terrestre (Samways, 1994, 2005), y uno de los principales degradadores de restos de origen animal (Galante & Marcos-García, 2004a). Por otra parte, los insectos son imprescindibles como mantenedores y generadores de biodiversidad vegetal ya que más del 75% de las plantas con flores de todo el mundo dependen de la acción polinizadora de los insectos (Tepedino & Griwold, 1990; Fontaine et al., 2006).