Invisible work, unseen hazards: the health of women immigrant household service workers in Spain

BACKGROUND: Household service work has been largely absent from occupational health studies. We examine the occupational hazards and health effects identified by immigrant women household service workers. METHODS: Exploratory, descriptive study of 46 documented and undocumented immigrant women in household services in Spain, using a phenomenological approach. Data were collected between September 2006 and May 2007 through focus groups and semi-structured individual interviews. Data were separated for analysis by documentation status and sorted using a mixed-generation process. In a second phase of analysis, data on psychosocial hazards were organized using the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire as a guide. RESULTS: Informants reported a number of environmental, ergonomic and psychosocial hazards and corresponding health effects. Psychosocial hazards were especially strongly present in data. Data on reported hazards were similar by documentation status and varied by several emerging categories: whether participants were primarily cleaners or carers and whether they lived in or outside of the homes of their employers. Documentation status was relevant in terms of empowerment and bargaining, but did not appear to influence work tasks or exposure to hazards directly. CONCLUSIONS: Female immigrant household service workers are exposed to a variety of health hazards that could be acted upon by improved legislation, enforcement, and preventive workplace measures, which are discussed.

Mapping the awareness of inequalities in health programs in Spanish communities: moving forward together

The aim of this study is to map the awareness of gender, socioeconomic, immigrant and ethnic health inequalities in health at schools, maternal health and traffic injury health prevention programs. The study was conducted in the 19 health descentralized areas in Spain, 17 autonomous community (ACs) and the 2 autonomous cities (ACities). The data were collected from May 2008 to January 2009. The unit of analysis was the collection of policy documents setting out the programs mentioned above and the related support material in each AC. A reading guide was used to analyze the awareness of inequalities. With regard to health at schools, 2 of 10 programs show a high awareness of inequalities and include many specific proposals to be implemented at the local level. Regarding maternal health, 13 ACs have prepared support material with high awareness of inequalities to be implemented. A traffic injury program has been created in two ACs. We map the whole situation in Spain regarding the health programs that we have used as examples and their awareness of inequalities. We can conclude that there are differences between the regions studied in Spain and in general, the awareness of inequalities is low.

La migración de retirados europeos al mercado de viviendas español: una evidencia sobre sus efectos

La migración internacional de retirados no es un fenómeno nuevo entre los países de la Unión Europea. Hay un buen número de sociólogos que han descrito el proceso y sus implicaciones en las formas de vida, especialmente en los casos de migración de los hogares de jóvenes retirados desde los países del norte de Europa hacia los soleados del sur. Muchos de estos movimientos afectan al mercado de viviendas desde el mismo momento de la llegada al país de destino y, en muchos casos, los flujos de población generados por esta migración contribuyen al cambio en las tendencias de edificación en los casos en que los destinos tienen bajos niveles de renta. Estos flujos tienen también implicaciones futuras como la necesidad de aumentar los servicios de atención a la tercera edad o en salud lo que, hoy por hoy, implican un elevado gasto público para el sistema español. Este artículo se interesa por las implicaciones en el corto plazo, así como en indagar en el fenómeno en sí. A través de la explotación de parte de los resultados de un proyecto de investigación denominado REVIcVAL (Retirados y vivienda en la Comunidad Valenciana), el artículo muestra algunas características de este flujo migratorio así como la racionalidad a la hora de tomar la decisión de comprar una vivienda. El ejercicio empírico utiliza información primaria recogida a través de un cuestionario recopilando información de retirados ingleses y alemanes en la costa de Alicante durante los años 2005 y 2006, con una base municipal, y estima la racionalidad en la toma de decisión de compra de viviendas.