Thermogravimetric analysis of the pyrolysis of several materials used in the preparation of commercial cigarettes

Comunicación presentada en forma de póster en el "12th Mediterranean Congress of Chemical Engineering", Barcelona (Spain), November 15-18, 2011

Estrategias para la cronicidad en las diferentes comunidades autónomas españolas

Introducción: el envejecimiento de la población está produciendo un aumento de la prevalencia de las enfermedades crónicas, que hace necesario un cambio en el enfoque de la atención sanitaria. Para este cambio, las comunidades autónomas están creando sus propias estrategias de atención a la cronicidad. Objetivos: Conocer las diferencias en recursos de salud a la cronicidad de las Comunidades Autónomas, en especial en continuidad de cuidados y coordinación sociosanitaria. Comparar los planes de atención a la cronicidad y registrar las diferencias significativas que se encuentren en ellos. Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos: PubMed, Google Académico, SciELO y ScienceDirect, los descriptores “strategies”, “health of the elderly” y “chronicity” combinados mediante los operadores boleanos “AND” y “OR” y usando como filtros el que hayan sido publicados en un máximo de 5 años, en inglés o español y con acceso al texto completo. Simultáneamente se hizo una búsqueda manual en revistas especializadas (Gerokomos, Atención Primaria y Gaceta Sanitaria). Además, en las páginas oficiales de las diferentes comunidades autónomas se buscaron las guías de atención a la cronicidad de las mismas. Resultados: se analizan un total de 14 estrategias o planes. De estas, 13 incluyen la continuidad de cuidados como línea estratégica y sólo 3 incluyen una línea estratégica referente a la coordinación sociosanitaria. Discusión: existe una gran disparidad en las publicaciones analizadas, tanto en estructura como en contenido. Con la descentralización sanitaria, la atención y los planes de salud en cada comunidad autónoma son diferentes. Conclusiones: Cada comunidad autónoma elabora una estrategia adaptada a sus necesidades. Las únicas que incluyen como línea tanto la continuidad asistencial como la coordinación sociosanitaria son Castilla y León, Madrid y Murcia.

Electrochemical analysis of the performance of carbon supported Pd nanoparticles for direct formic acid fuel cells: from gold supported electrodes to catalyst-coated membranes

In this work carbon supported Pd nanoparticles were prepared and used as electrocatalysts for formic acid electrooxidation fuel cells. The influence of some relevant parameters such as the nominal Pt loading, the Nafion/total solids ratio as well as the Pd loading towards formic acid electrooxidation was evaluated using gold supported catalytic layer electrodes which were prepared using a similar methodology to that employed in the preparation of conventional catalyst coated membranes (CCM). The results obtained show that, for constant Pd loading, the nominal Pd loading and the Nafion percentage on the catalytic layer do not play an important role on the resulting electrocatalytic properties. The main parameter affecting the electrocatalytic activity of the electrodes seems to be the Pd loading, although the resulting activity is not directly proportional to the increased Pd loading. Thus, whereas the Pd loading is multiplied by a factor of 10, the activity is only twice which evidences an important decrease in the Pd utilization. In fact, the results obtained suggest the active layer is the outer one being clearly independent of the catalytic layer thickness. Finally, catalyst coated membranes with Pd catalyst loadings of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.2 mg cm-2 were also tested in a breathing direct formic acid fuel cell.

Health inequality between immigrants and natives in Spain: the loss of the healthy immigrant effect in times of economic crisis

Background: The immigrant population living in Spain grew exponentially in the early 2000s but has been particularly affected by the economic crisis. This study aims to analyse health inequalities between immigrants born in middle- or low-income countries and natives in Spain, in 2006 and 2012, taking into account gender, year of arrival and socioeconomic exposures. Methods: Study of trends using two cross-sections, the 2006 and 2012 editions of the Spanish National Health Survey, including residents in Spain aged 15–64 years (20 810 natives and 2950 immigrants in 2006, 14 291 natives and 2448 immigrants in 2012). Fair/poor self-rated health, poor mental health (GHQ-12 > 2), chronic activity limitation and use of psychotropic drugs were compared between natives and immigrants who arrived in Spain before 2006, adjusting robust Poisson regression models for age and socioeconomic variables to obtain prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: Inequalities in poor self-rated health between immigrants and natives tend to increase among women (age-adjusted PR2006 = 1.39; 95% CI: 1.24–1.56, PR2012 = 1.56; 95% CI: 1.33–1.82). Among men, there is a new onset of inequalities in poor mental health (PR2006 = 1.10; 95% CI: 0.86–1.40, PR2012 = 1.34; 95% CI: 1.06–1.69) and an equalization of the previously lower use of psychotropic drugs (PR2006 = 0.22; 95% CI: 0.11–0.43, PR2012 = 1.20; 95% CI: 0.73–2.01). Conclusions: Between 2006 and 2012, immigrants who arrived in Spain before 2006 appeared to worsen their health status when compared with natives. The loss of the healthy immigrant effect in the context of a worse impact of the economic crisis on immigrants appears as potential explanation. Employment, social protection and re-universalization of healthcare would prevent further deterioration of immigrants’ health status.

Carbon nanotube-supported Ni–CeO2 catalysts. Effect of the support on the catalytic performance in the low-temperature WGS reaction

The low temperature water-gas shift (WGS) reaction has been studied over two commercial multiwall carbon nanotubes-supported nickel catalysts promoted by ceria. For comparison purposes, activated carbon-supported catalysts have also been studied. The catalytic performance and the characterization by N2 adsorption analysis, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature-programmed reduction with H2 (TPR-H2), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis showed that the surface chemistry has an important effect on the dispersion of ceria. As a result, ceria was successfully dispersed over the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with less graphitic character, and the catalyst afforded better activity in WGS than the catalyst prepared over massive ceria. Moreover, a 20 wt.% CeO2 loading over this support was more active than the analogous catalyst with a 40 wt.% loading. The ceria nanoparticles were smaller when the support was previously oxidized, however this resulted in a decrease of the activity.