Extinction trends of threatened invertebrates in peninsular Spain

Using information from two recently published atlases of threatened invertebrate species in peninsular Spain, we examined the climatic, land use and geographic characteristics of the 100 km2 UTM cells with most likelihood of suffering extinctions (extinction cells), as well as the attributes of the species prone to population extinctions. Extinction cells have had significantly (1) lower precipitation values, (2) higher temperatures, (3) higher percentages of anthropic land uses or (4) higher rates of anthropization during the last 20 years than the remaining cells. Nevertheless, probable extinctions may occur under a wide range of climatic and anthropization change rates and these variables can only explain a low proportion (~5 %) of variability in the occurrence or number of extinction cells. Aquatic species seem to suffer higher local extinction rates than terrestrial species. Interestingly, many invertebrate species with approximately 25 or less occurrence cells are on a clear trajectory towards extinction. These results outline the difficulties and uncertainties in relating probable population extinctions with climatic and land use changes in the case of invertebrate data. However, they also suggest that a third of the considered Spanish threatened species could have lost some of their populations, and that current conservation efforts are insufficient to reverse this tendency.

Trabajos de seguimiento de la lapa ferruginosa Patella ferruginea Gmelin, 1791 en Andalucía en el marco de la Estrategia Nacional de Conservación de la especie

El gasterópodo marino Patella ferruginea se encuentra incluido en los Catálogos Español y Andaluz de Especies Amenazadas en la categoría “En peligro de extinción”. En 2008 fue aprobada la Estrategia de Conservación Nacional de la especie que establece la realización de un seguimiento de la población cada cuatro años. En Andalucía se ha realizado en 2010 el seguimiento de la especie empleando dos tipos de metodología: los “Controles de crecimiento”, mediante marcaje de ejemplares, y los “Censos exhaustivos” en “Tramos” de costa, para intentar detectar todos los individuos presentes. En el censo de 2010 se han muestreado unos 21 km de costa en 34 localidades, un 5% del litoral andaluz con presencia de la especie, lo que constituye un esfuerzo considerable, pero asumible para el control periódico de la misma. La densidad media detectada es muy baja, de 0,048 ind./m. El mayor número de individuos se encuentra en Cádiz y la población mejor estructurada en la isla de Alborán. Se estima que el tamaño actual de la población en Andalucía ronda los 1.800 ejemplares, lo que constituye un aumento con respecto a inventarios anteriores. Sin embargo, el contingente es muy reducido para garantizar la supervivencia de la especie. La categoría de protección propuesta por el Libro Rojo de los Invertebrados de Andalucía, “En peligro crítico” (MORENO y ARROYO, 2008), debe considerarse, por lo tanto, la más adecuada para la lapa ferruginosa siguiendo los criterios de valoración de la UICN (2001).

Sequencing and functional analysis of the genome of a nematode egg-parasitic fungus, Pochonia chlamydosporia

Pochonia chlamydosporia is a worldwide-distributed soil fungus with a great capacity to infect and destroy the eggs and kill females of plant-parasitic nematodes. Additionally, it has the ability to colonize endophytically roots of economically-important crop plants, thereby promoting their growth and eliciting plant defenses. This multitrophic behavior makes P. chlamydosporia a potentially useful tool for sustainable agriculture approaches. We sequenced and assembled ∼41 Mb of P. chlamydosporia genomic DNA and predicted 12,122 gene models, of which many were homologous to genes of fungal pathogens of invertebrates and fungal plant pathogens. Predicted genes (65%) were functionally annotated according to Gene Ontology, and 16% of them found to share homology with genes in the Pathogen Host Interactions (PHI) database. The genome of this fungus is highly enriched in genes encoding hydrolytic enzymes, such as proteases, glycoside hydrolases and carbohydrate esterases. We used RNA-Seq technology in order to identify the genes expressed during endophytic behavior of P. chlamydosporia when colonizing barley roots. Functional annotation of these genes showed that hydrolytic enzymes and transporters are expressed during endophytism. This structural and functional analysis of the P. chlamydosporia genome provides a starting point for understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the multitrophic lifestyle of this fungus. The genomic information provided here should also prove useful for enhancing the capabilities of this fungus as a biocontrol agent of plant-parasitic nematodes and as a plant growth-promoting organism.