The Impact of BIM on the Distribution of Cost and Return on Investment in UK Construction Projects

It has been widely documented that when Building Information Modelling (BIM) is used, there is a shift in effort to the design phase. Little investigation into the impact of this shift in effort has been done and how it impacts on costs. It can be difficult to justify the increased expenditure on BIM in a market that is heavily driven by costs. There are currently studies attempting to quantify the return on investment (ROI) for BIM for which these returns can be seen to balance out the shift in efforts and costs to the design phase. The studies however quantify the ROI based on the individual stakeholder’s investment without consideration for the impact that the use of BIM from their project partners may have on their own profitability. In this study, a questionnaire investigated opinions and experience of construction professionals, representing clients, consultants, designers and contractors, to determine fluctuations in costs by their magnitude and when they occur. These factors were examined more closely by interviewing senior members representing each of the stakeholder categories and comparing their experience in using BIM within environments where their project partners were also using BIM and when they were not. This determined the differences in how the use and the investment in BIM impacts on others and how costs are redistributed. This redistribution is not just through time but also between stakeholders and categories of costs. Some of these cost fluctuations and how the cost of BIM is currently financed are also highlighted in several case studies. The results show that the current distribution of costs set for traditional 2D delivery is hindering the potential success of BIM. There is also evidence that stakeholders who don’t use BIM may benefit financially from the BIM use of others and that collaborative BIM is significantly different to the use of ‘lonely’ BIM in terms of benefits and profitability.

La sostenibilidad en la planificación territorial de escala regional en España: estudio de casos

En las dos últimas décadas, la expresión «desarrollo territorial sostenible» se ha incorporado con éxito en los documentos de ordenación del territorio, hasta convertirse en un principio rector principal. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la incorporación de los principios de sostenibilidad en la planificación territorial española, valorando los resultados prácticos que ello ha significado. Se ha realizado un análisis de las leyes y planes de ordenación del territorio de escala regional, destacando en cuatro casos de estudio (País Vasco, Navarra, Andalucía y Comunidad Valenciana) por la relevancia que este principio rector ha cobrado en sus procesos de planificación territorial. Se ha completado la información con la realización de entrevistas a actores clave de la ordenación del territorio en esos espacios regionales. Los resultados muestran que, a pesar de las buenas intenciones que incluyen los textos de leyes y planes, por lo común, el proceso de integración de la sostenibilidad a la planificación territorial de escala regional es lento y sus efectos prácticos todavía son escasamente visibles.