Pedro Gutiérrez Bueno (1743-1822) y las relaciones entre la química y la farmacia durante el último tercio del siglo XVIII

El presente trabajo se enmarca en un proyecto de investigación sobre la farmacología en la sociedad española del siglo XIX, en particular, acerca del papel de las prácticas y los conocimientos químicos en la transición de la materia médica a la farmacología experimental. Dentro de ese esquema general, el objeto principal de este trabajo es uno de los principales autores españoles de libros de texto de química del último tercio del siglo XVIII: Pedro Gutiérrez Bueno (1745-1822). En un trabajo anterior se ha estudiado el público destinatario de la primera edición de su libro de texto así como las principales características de esta obra. En este artículo abordaremos el análisis del contexto en el que se produjo la aparición de la segunda edición, lo que conducirá a estudiar las ideas de Gutiérrez Bueno sobre las relaciones entre la química y la farmacia. Estas ideas estuvieron fuertemente influidas por los puntos de vista defendidos por Antoine Fourcroy en Francia.

Seeding a Profession: The Intersection of the State, International Interests, and the Early Development of Brazilian Nursing

State and international entities can have profound effects on the development of a country’s nursing profession. Through a global health governance lens, this paper explores the development of nursing in Brazil during the early twentieth century, and its intersections with national and international interests. Accordingly, we will show how state policies established an environment that fostered the institutionalization of nursing as a profession in Brazil and supported it as a means to increase the presence of females in nation building processes. The State focused on recruiting elite women for nursing, in part due to the Rockefeller Foundation’s involvement in the country. Nurses who worked for Rockefeller came from well-educated classes within US society with specific ideas about who should be a nurse and the roles of nurses in a healthcare system. These women served as the primary vehicles for interacting with Brazilian health authorities responsible for health system development. Their early efforts did not, however, ensure a system capable of producing nursing human resources at a rate that, in present day Brazil, could meet the health needs of the country. Findings from this paper offer new avenues for historians to explore the early roots of professional nursing through a global health governance lens, improve the understanding of the intersection between international politics and professionalization, and highlight how these factors may impact nursing human resources production in the long term.