Alilación diastereoselectiva de N-terc-butilsulfinil iminas con bromuros alílicos: aplicación a la síntesis de heterociclos nitrogenados benzocondensados

En la presente Memoria se ha estudiado la adición estereoselectiva de diferentes bromuros alílicos mediada por indio a diferentes N-terc-butilsulfiniliminas (tBSiminas), pudiendo participar algunos de los derivados de aminas homoalílicas obtenidos en estos procesos en reacciones de ciclación intramolecular, a través de una N-arilación o una reacción de Heck, para acceder de manera estereoselectiva a estructuras más complejas. Finalmente, se ha demostrado la utilidad sintética de la metodología desarrollada aplicándola a la síntesis de algunos productos naturales y sus derivados. La Discusión de resultados aquí presentada se ha estructurado en las siguientes partes: - Alilación diastereoselectiva de tBS-cetiminas. La alilación de diferentes tBScetiminas con bromuro de alilo en presencia de indio a reflujo de THF dio lugar a los correspondientes derivados de homoalil aminas 5 con buenos rendimientos, en general, variando la diastereoselectividad encontrada con la naturaleza de las tBScetiminas de partida. Las relaciones diastereoméricas en el caso de las cetiminas aromáticas fueron moderadas (75:25-85:15 rd), teniendo lugar la alilación con total diastereoselectividad en el caso de las iminas alifáticas derivadas de metil cetonas (>98:2 rd). Por otro lado la diastereoselectividad fue baja en la alilación de iminas α,β-insaturadas no cíclicas y sorprendentemente muy elevada en los sistemas cíclicos de seis (5j) y siete (5k) eslabones (92:8 y 94:6 rd, respectivamente). - Alilación diastereoselectiva de tBS-iminas con bromuros alílicos sustituidos. La adición de reactivos de alilindio, generados a partir de bromuro de crotilo e indio, a tBS-aldiminas y –cetiminas se produjo con prácticamente total diastereoselectividad facial y buenas relaciones diastereoméricas anti/sin en el caso de tBS-iminas derivadas de benzaldehídos sustituidos y de cetonas. Sin embargo, la diastereoselectividad anti/sin fue prácticamente nula en el caso de los derivados de aldehídos alifáticos lineales. También se encontró que la adición mediada por indio de bromuro de ciclohexenilo a tBS-cetiminas tuvo lugar con alta diastereoselectividad. - Aplicaciones sintéticas de homoalilaminas con un grupo o-bromoarilo en su estructura. El tratamiento de diferentes derivados de homoalilamina 5 y 9 con un anillo aromático en su estructura, que porta a su vez en posición orto un átomo de bromo, bajo condiciones de reacción tipo Heck catalizadas por Pd, llevó a la formación de los compuestos cíclicos esperados de 5, 6 y 7 eslabones con buenos rendimientos. A su vez, también fue posible llevar a cabo la síntesis de diferentes compuestos heterocíclicos benzocondensados a través de reacciones de N-arilación intramolecular, catalizadas bien por compuestos de Cu o de Pd, en compuestos nitrogenados que portan anillos aromáticos orto-bromo sustituidos. - Síntesis estereoselectiva de alcaloides 2–alquiltetrahidroquinolínicos. Se llevó a cabo la síntesis de los productos naturales (–)-angustureína y (–)-cuspareína, siendo el primer paso de reacción en ambos casos la adición de reactivos organomagnesianos a las tBS-aldiminas 8p y ent-8p. Las síntesis se completaron tras 3 etapas adicionales: desulfinilación, N-arilación intramolecular y N-metilación, siendo los rendimientos globales del 49% y 17% respectivamente. También se preparó de manera alternativa la (–)-angustureína a partir de la N-metil-2-aliltetrahidroquinolina (23p) tras metátesis cruzada con (E)-3-hexeno e hidrogenación catalítica posterior del doble enlace olefínico. Por último y a partir del compuesto 23p, tras acoplamiento tipo Heck con 4-bromoveratrol, se llevó a cabo la síntesis de un derivado (24p) de la (–)-cuspareína.

Intramolecular Bromoamination of Conjugated N-Tosylaminodienes Using N-Bromosuccinimide. Synthesis of Bromoallyl-Substituted N-Heterocycles and Their Applications as Building Blocks

The bromonium-promoted cyclization of conjugated aminodienes is described. The reaction proceeds smoothly in the presence of N-bromosuccinimide as halonium promoter, and using N-tosyl-protected aminodienes as substrates, to give the corresponding halocyclization products in high yields and with high diastereoselectivities. It can be envisaged that the formation of these products is the result of an SN2′-type ring-opening of a terminal bromonium intermediate in a 5-exo-trig or 6-exo-trig cyclization mode. The presence of an allyl bromide moiety in the haloamination products makes these molecules highly attractive from a synthetic point of view, as it opens the way for further transformations. Thus, allylic substitution reactions with different nucleophiles (acetate, azide, cyanide, and malonate), palladium-catalysed Suzuki coupling, and silver-mediated bromine displacement reactions were carried out successfully.

Pyrimidine-Derived Prolinamides as Recoverable Bifunctional Organocatalysts for Enantioselective Inter- and Intramolecular Aldol Reactions under Solvent-Free Conditions

Chiral L-prolinamides 2 containing the (R,R)- and (S,S)-trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine scaffold and a 2-pyrimidinyl unit are synthesized and used as general organocatalysts for intermolecular and intramolecular aldol reactions with 1,6-hexanedioic acid as a co-catalyst under solvent-free conditions. The intermolecular reaction between ketone–aldehyde and aldehyde–aldehyde must be performed under wet conditions with catalyst (S,S)-2b at 10 °C, which affords anti-aldols with high regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivities. For the Hajos–Parrish–Eder–Sauer–Wiechert reaction, both diastereomers of catalyst 2 give similar results at room temperature in the absence of water to give the corresponding Wieland–Miescher ketone and derivatives. Both types of reactions were scaled up to 1 g, and the organocatalysts were recovered by extractive workup and reused without any appreciable loss in activity. DFT calculations support the stereochemical results of the intermolecular process and the bifunctional role played by the organocatalyst by providing a computational comparison of the H-bonding networks occurring with catalysts 2a and 2b.

Intramolecular surfaces for vicinal proton–proton coupling constants 3JHH

Equations for the intramolecular surfaces of the 3JHH coupling constants in ethane, ethylene, and acetylene are formulated, and the corresponding coefficients are estimated from calculations at the DFT/B3LYP level. The chosen variables are changes in bond lengths, in the torsion angle φ between the coupled protons Ha and Hb, in bond angles, and in dihedral angles. The 3JHH surface of ethane is formulated as an extended Karplus equation with the coefficients of a truncated Fourier series on the torsion angle φ expanded as second-order Taylor series in the chosen variables taking into account the invariance of 3JHH under reflections and rotations of nuclear coordinates. Partial vibrational contributions from linear and square terms corresponding to changes in the geometry of the Ha − Ca − Cb − Hb fragment are important while those from cross terms are small with a few exceptions. The 3JHH surface of ethane is useful to predict contributions to 3JHH from changes in local geometry of derivatives but vibrational contributions are predicted less satisfactorily. The predicted values at the B3LYP/BS2 level of the 3JHH couplings (vibrational contributions at 300 K) from equilibrium geometries are 9.79 (−0.17) for acetylene, and 17.08 (1.93) and 10.73(0.93) for the trans and cis couplings of ethylene.

Synthesis of Chromen[4,3-b]pyrrolidines by Intramolecular 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions of Azomethine Ylides: An Experimental and Computational Assessment of the Origin of Stereocontrol

Azomethine ylides, generated from imine-derived O-cinnamyl or O-crotonyl salicylaldeyde and α-amino acids, undergo intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, leading to chromene[4,3-b]pyrrolidines. Two reaction conditions are used: (a) microwave-assisted heating (200 W, 185 °C) of a neat mixture of reagents, and (b) conventional heating (170 °C) in PEG-400 as solvent. In both cases, a mixture of two epimers at the α-position of the nitrogen atom in the pyrrolidine nucleus was formed through the less energetic endo-approach (B/C ring fusion). In many cases, the formation of the stereoisomer bearing a trans-arrangement into the B/C ring fusion was observed in high proportions. Comprehensive computational and kinetic simulation studies are detailed. An analysis of the stability of transient 1,3-dipoles, followed by an assessment of the intramolecular pathways and kinetics are also reported.

Palladium(II) oxide impregnated on magnetite as a catalyst for the synthesis of 4-arylcoumarins via a Heck-arylation/cyclization process

Heck-arylation/cyclization was achieved using heterogeneous palladium(II) oxide impregnated on magnetite catalyst (2.5 mol%) with a lower catalyst loading than that reported for similar processes. Ethanol was used as a non-toxic and bio-renewable solvent. Good yields were afforded using a broad range of substrates (40–98%). The catalyst could be partially recycled, and analyses confirmed the almost total reduction of palladium(II) oxide to palladium(0) as well as the iodine poissoning effect, which is the main barrier to complete recyclability.