Aprendiendo a prescribir cuidados según capacidad funcional en soporte electrónico

Objetivo: Conocer los resultados en términos de ganancia funcional de la aplicación de un sistema de registro electrónico basado en el índice de Barthel y la prevención de efectos adversos como método de prescripción y ejecución de cuidados estandarizados, utilizado por estudiantes de enfermería bajo la tutela de enfermeras clínicas acreditadas durante las prácticas clínicas tuteladas en la Universitat Jaume I. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, prospectivo, longitudinal, multicéntrico. Se incluyen los registros electrónicos con estancia entre 5 y 9 días relacionados con las 6 camas que los estudiantes tienen asignadas en las unidades de medicina interna, cirugía y traumatología de 5 hospitales públicos y privados de la provincia de Castellón. Se estudian variables sociodemográficas y clínicas, riesgo de efectos adversos al ingreso, evolución de la capacidad funcional y ganancia funcional al alta. Se analiza la dependencia de las variables con la ganancia funcional y las diferencias entre grupos (p<0,05). Resultados: Con una muestra de 141 registros, la edad media es de 70,96 (s=15,64), sin diferencias significativas según sexos (p<0,05). El 68% (n=71) son procesos médicos con estancia media de 6,62 días (s=1,34) y complejidad media de 4,2 (s=2,6). La muestra presenta riesgo moderado-elevado de úlceras por presión (30%), caídas (68%) y desnutrición (52%). Los planes de cuidados estandarizados supone una ganancia funcional media de 7,06 puntos (s=20,09), sin diferencias significativas entre grupos (p<0,05). Discusión: La formación del estudiantado con metodología que implica toma de decisiones en la planificación de cuidados puede aportar mejoras en la calidad asistencial.

Self-rated health and hospital services use in the Spanish National Health System: a longitudinal study

Background: Self-rated health is a subjective measure that has been related to indicators such as mortality, morbidity, functional capacity, and the use of health services. In Spain, there are few longitudinal studies associating self-rated health with hospital services use. The purpose of this study is to analyze the association between self-rated health and socioeconomic, demographic, and health variables, and the use of hospital services among the general population in the Region of Valencia, Spain. Methods: Longitudinal study of 5,275 adults who were included in the 2005 Region of Valencia Health Survey and linked to the Minimum Hospital Data Set between 2006 and 2009. Logistic regression models were used to calculate the odds ratios between use of hospital services and self-rated health, sex, age, educational level, employment status, income, country of birth, chronic conditions, disability and previous use of hospital services. Results: By the end of a 4-year follow-up period, 1,184 participants (22.4 %) had used hospital services. Use of hospital services was associated with poor self-rated health among both men and women. In men, it was also associated with unemployment, low income, and the presence of a chronic disease. In women, it was associated with low educational level, the presence of a disability, previous hospital services use, and the presence of chronic disease. Interactions were detected between self-rated health and chronic disease in men and between self-rated health and educational level in women. Conclusions: Self-rated health acts as a predictor of hospital services use. Various health and socioeconomic variables provide additional predictive capacity. Interactions were detected between self-rated health and other variables that may reflect different complex predictive models, by gender.

Obesity, knee osteoarthritis, and polypathology: factors favoring weight loss in older people

Aim: We aimed to explore the meaning of obesity in elderly persons with knee osteoarthritis (KO) and to determine the factors that encourage or discourage weight loss. Background: Various studies have demonstrated that body mass index is related to KO and that weight loss improves symptoms and functional capacity. However, dietary habits are difficult to modify and most education programs are ineffective. Design: A phenomenological qualitative study was conducted. Intentional sampling was performed in ten older persons with KO who had lost weight and improved their health-related quality of life after participating in a health education program. A thematic content analysis was conducted following the stages proposed by Miles and Huberman. Findings: Participants understood obesity as a risk factor for health problems and stigma. They believed that the cause of obesity was multifactorial and criticized health professionals for labeling them as “obese” and for assigning a moral value to slimness and diet. The factors identified as contributing to the effectiveness of the program were a tolerant attitude among health professionals, group education that encouraged motivation, quantitative dietary recommendations, and a meaningful learning model based on social learning theories. Conclusion: Dietary self-management without prohibitions helped participants to make changes in the quantity and timing of some food intake and to lose weight without sacrificing some foods that were deeply rooted in their culture and preferences. Dietary education programs should focus on health-related quality of life and include scientific knowledge but should also consider affective factors and the problems perceived as priorities by patients.