Valoración económica de recursos hídricos para el suministro de agua potable. El caso del Parque Nacional Cajas. La cuenca del río Tomebamba

El cambio climático está alterando el comportamiento de los ciclos hídricos en diferentes partes del planeta y amenaza con fuertes repercusiones en la vida de muchas especies, incluida la humana. Sobran evidencias de que el estilo de vida y las formas productivas de la sociedad actual, principalmente de los países desarrollados, están contribuyendo a acelerar el cambio climático, posiblemente hasta niveles que rebasarían la capacidad de asimilación de la biota del planeta. Ante las alarmantes evidencias del problema ambiental en general y del problema hídrico en particular se han iniciado gestiones encaminadas a disminuir en lo posible las causas humanas. Pero la distribución de responsabilidades todavía entraña serios inconvenientes tanto a nivel internacional, como regional y local; uno de los desafíos es determinar el valor económico de los recursos afectados, como referencia para establecer compensaciones, prioridades, planes de gestión y también contribuciones por parte de los mismos beneficiarios de los recursos hídricos. En el presente estudio se ha analizado la situación particular de riesgo para un páramo andino, el Parque Nacional Cajas, fuente de agua que, potabilizada por una empresa estatal, cubre los requerimientos de la ciudad de Cuenca, en Ecuador. Con base en la teoría actual, el método de valor contingente resulta ser, si no el óptimo, uno de los más adecuados para estos casos. Mediante una muestra de familias usuarias del servicio y aplicando el modelo dicotómico de doble límite, se estableció en 3,44 USD el valor económico promedio asignado por las familias encuestadas. Los estadísticos de precisión dieron la razón en buena medida a las predicciones de Hanemann et al., y el valor resultante, comparado con el obtenido en otros países en desarrollo, presentó correlaciones altas con los PIB per cápita respectivos. Pese a haberse procedido canónicamente, en este estudio se planteó la hipótesis de que la DAP no mide el real valor económico del bien cuando se trata de un monopolio estatal, y se constató que el 91% de los encuestados, aunque con claras manifestaciones de disconformidad, finalmente se resignaron a pagar valores mayores al máximo DAP que declararon previamente, con lo cual se falsea este último como medida del valor económico, al menos en la perspectiva de la teoría utilitarista.

Ultrafast coherent spectroscopy of the Fermi edge singularity

Paper submitted to the XVI Sitges Conference on Statistical Mechanics, Sitges, Barcelona, Spain, 7-11 June 1999.

Single-cell derived clones from human adipose stem cells present different immunomodulatory properties

Human adipose mesenchymal stem cells are a heterogeneous population, where cell cultures derived from single cell-expanded clones present varying degrees of differential plasticity. This work focuses on the immunomodulatory/anti-inflammatory properties of these cells. To this end, 5 single cell clones were isolated (generally called 1.X and 3.X) from 2 volunteers. Regarding the expression level of the lineage-characteristic surface antigens, clones 1.10 and 1.22 expressed the lowest amounts, while clones 3.10 and 3.5 expressed more CD105 than the rest and clone 1.7 expressed higher amounts of CD73 and CD44. Regarding cytokine secretion, all clones were capable of spontaneously releasing high levels of IL-6 and low to moderate levels of IL-8. These differences can be explained in part by the distinct methylation profile exhibited by the clones. Furthermore and after lipopolysaccharide stimulation, clone 3.X produced the highest amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, while clones 1.10 and 1.22 highly expressed IL-4 and IL-5. In co-culture experiments, clones 1.X are altogether more potent inhibitors than clones 3.X for proliferation of total, CD3+T, CD4+T and CD8+T lymphocytes and NK cells. The results of this work indicates that adipose stem cell population is heterogeneous in cytokine production profile, and that isolation, characterization and selection of the appropriate cell clone is a more exact method for the possible treatment of different patients or pathologies.

Subclinical social anxiety and academic performance in adolescence: analysis of theoretical and practical implications

This study analyses the relationship between self-reported social anxiety and academic performance in a sample of 1,616 Spanish students (52.1% males) in compulsory secondary education, aged 12 to 16 years old. Social anxiety was assessed by the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory (SPAI) and academic performance was measured with school grades and failing grades. Results reveal that adolescents with social anxiety show a similar academic performance to adolescents without social anxiety. Although t tests found some significant differences in academic grades and number of failing grades, the effect size analysis showed that these differences had no empirical relevance. These findings are discussed considering the gender and grade levels and their theoretical and practical implication.

Relationship between sociometric types and academic achievement in a sample of compulsory secondary education students

The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between sociometric types, behavioural categories and academic achievement in a sample of 1,349 compulsory secondary education students (51.7% boys), ranging in age from 12 to 16 years. The students’ sociometric identification was performed by using the Programa Socio and academic performance was measured by school marks provided by teachers in the subjects of Spanish language, mathematics and average academic performance. The results show that sociometric types were significant predictors of academic achievement, as students who were rated positively by their peers (popular, leaders, collaborators and good students) were more likely to have high academic achievement (in mathematics, Spanish language and average academic achievement) than students rated negatively by peers (rejected-aggressive, rejected-shy, neglected and bullies).