Turismo y desarrollo sostenible en la provincia de Samaná, República Dominicana

El turismo en la República Dominicana se ha convertido en el motor económico del país, aventajando a actividades tradicionales como la agricultura y la manufactura. Esta transformación de la matriz productiva está sustentada, en gran medida, en la construcción de grandes hoteles en diferentes zonas litorales del país. El presente estudio se centra en la península de Samaná, área de reciente desarrollo turístico que es usada reiteradamente por el Estado dominicano como exponente del desarrollo sostenible, alcanzado a través del fomento del sector servicios. El objetivo principal es determinar la veracidad de esta afirmación, mediante la identificación y la caracterización de los principales impactos ambientales, sociales y económicos generados por la construcción de complejos hoteleros. Además, se analizará el cumplimiento de la legislación ambiental por parte de las empresas constructoras de grandes hoteles así como el rol del organismo estatal competente en la conservación del entorno natural.

Simultaneous environmental and economic process synthesis of Isobutane Alkylation

This multidisciplinary study concerns the optimal design of processes with a view to both maximizing profit and minimizing environmental impacts. This can be achieved by a combination of traditional chemical process design methods, measurements of environmental impacts and advanced mathematical optimization techniques. More to the point, this paper presents a hybrid simulation-multiobjective optimization approach that at once optimizes the production cost and minimizes the associated environmental impacts of isobutane alkylation. This approach has also made it possible to obtain the flowsheet configurations and process variables that are needed to manufacture isooctane in a way that satisfies the above-stated double aim. The problem is formulated as a Generalized Disjunctive Programming problem and solved using state-of-the-art logic-based algorithms. It is shown, starting from existing alternatives for the process, that it is possible to systematically generate a superstructure that includes alternatives not previously considered. The optimal solution, in the form a Pareto curve, includes different structural alternatives from which the most suitable design can be selected. To evaluate the environmental impact, Life Cycle Assessment based on two different indicators is employed: Ecoindicator 99 and Global Warming Potential.

Social Services in Times of Economic and Social Crisis: The case of Spain

The financial and economic crisis which originated in 2008 has had a severe impact on the population of the Southern European countries. The economic policies of austerity and public deficit control, as well as the neo-liberal and conservative social policies are redefining the public social protection systems, in particular the Social Services. In order to get to understand the current situation, we shall explain how the Social Services were developed in Spain and analyse the causes and consequences of the economic crisis. The working hypothesis is that the greater the increase on the population’s needs, the more developed the Social Services should be. We carried out a descriptive analysis of the situation as far as the social impacts of the crisis per region are concerned. We tested the hypothesis through a parametric model of analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) triangulating with the non-parametric Kruscal-Wallis test. The working hypothesis failed. The regions with better developed Social Services show a lower level of poverty and social exclusion. The challenges that the public Social Services system faces in times of crisis is three-fold: 1) re-modelling of local administration and transferring of the municipal Social Services responsibilities to the regional administration; 2) an increase of the population at risk of poverty and social exclusion 3) impact on social policies.