Políticas de innovación en turismo y desarrollo de clusters: la percepción gerencial en el programa Agrupaciones Empresariales Innovadoras (AEIs)

Este trabajo se enmarca en el análisis de las políticas de innovación en turismo. Estudia la aplicación de políticas cluster y la configuración de clusters como iniciativas planificadas, centrándose en el análisis del Programa de AEIs turísticas en España. Se emplea una metodología cualitativa para investigar la percepción de las gerencias como actores fundamentales del Programa. Los resultados de la investigación están relacionados con el proceso de configuración de clusters, los factores favorables y limitantes de su actividad, la valoración general del programa y la identificación de propuestas de mejora.

Spin alignment of extra electrons in K-phenanthrene clusters taken from the crystalline tripotassium-intercalated phenanthrene structure

The appearance of ferromagnetic correlations among π electrons of phenanthrene (C14H10) molecules in the herringbone structure is proven for K doped clusters both by ab initio quantum-chemistry calculations and by the direct solution of the many-body Pariser-Parr-Pople Hamiltonian. Magnetic ground states are predicted for one or three additional electrons per phenanthrene molecule. These results are a consequence of the small overlap between the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals + 1) of neutral neighboring phenanthrene molecules, which makes the gain in energy by delocalization similar to the corresponding increase due to the Coulomb interaction.

NGC 7419 as a template for red supergiant clusters

Context. The open cluster NGC 7419 is known to contain five red supergiants and a very high number of Be stars. However, there are conflicting reports about its age and distance that prevent a useful comparison with other clusters. Aims. We intend to obtain more accurate parameters for NGC 7419, using techniques different from those of previous authors, so that it may be used as a calibrator for more obscured clusters. Methods. We obtained Strömgren photometry of the open cluster NGC 7419, as well as classification spectroscopy of ~20 stars in the area. We then applied standard analysis and classification techniques. Results. We find a distance of 4 ± 0.4 kpc and an age of 14 ± 2 Myr for NGC 7419. The main-sequence turn-off is found at spectral type B1, in excellent agreement. We identify 179 B-type members, implying that there are more than 1200 M⊙ in B stars at present. Extrapolating this to lower masses indicates an initial cluster mass of between 7000 and 10 000 M⊙, depending on the shape of the initial mass function. We find a very high fraction (≈40%) of Be stars around the turn-off, but very few Be stars at lower masses. We also report for the first time a strong variability in the emission characteristics of Be stars. We verified that the parameters of the red supergiant members can be used to obtain accurate cluster parameters. Conclusions. NGC 7419 is sufficiently massive to serve as a testbed for theoretical predictions and as a template to compare more obscured clusters. The distribution of stars above the main-sequence turn-off is difficult to accommodate with current evolutionary tracks. Though the presence of five red supergiants is marginally consistent with theoretical expectations, the high number of Be stars and very low number of luminous evolved B stars hint at some unknown physical factor that is not considered in current synthesis models.

Massive open star clusters using the VVV survey III. A young massive cluster at the far edge of the Galactic bar

Context. Young massive clusters are key to map the Milky Way’s structure, and near-infrared large area sky surveys have contributed strongly to the discovery of new obscured massive stellar clusters. Aims. We present the third article in a series of papers focused on young and massive clusters discovered in the VVV survey. This article is dedicated to the physical characterization of VVV CL086, using part of its OB-stellar population. Methods. We physically characterized the cluster using JHKS near-infrared photometry from ESO public survey VVV images, using the VVV-SkZ pipeline, and near-infrared K-band spectroscopy, following the methodology presented in the first article of the series. Results. Individual distances for two observed stars indicate that the cluster is located at the far edge of the Galactic bar. These stars, which are probable cluster members from the statistically field-star decontaminated CMD, have spectral types between O9 and B0 V. According to our analysis, this young cluster (1.0 Myr < age < 5.0 Myr) is located at a distance of 11+5-6 kpc, and we estimate a lower limit for the cluster total mass of (2.8+1.6-1.4) · 103 M⊙. It is likely that the cluster contains even earlier and more massive stars.

Innovative Tourism Clusters: Myth or Reality? Empirical Evidence from Benidorm

Paper submitted to TCVT3 Bozen/Bolzano, 10-12 April 2014, International workshop on Tourists as Consumers, Visitors, Travellers

New galactic star clusters discovered in the VVV survey. Candidates projected on the inner disk and bulge

Context. VISTA Variables in the Vía Láctea (VVV) is one of six ESO Public Surveys using the 4 meter Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy (VISTA). The VVV survey covers the Milky Way bulge and an adjacent section of the disk, and one of the principal objectives is to search for new star clusters within previously unreachable obscured parts of the Galaxy. Aims. The primary motivation behind this work is to discover and analyze obscured star clusters in the direction of the inner Galactic disk and bulge. Methods. Regions of the inner disk and bulge covered by the VVV survey were visually inspected using composite JHKS color images to select new cluster candidates on the basis of apparent overdensities. DR1, DR2, CASU, and point spread function photometry of 10 × 10 arcmin fields centered on each candidate cluster were used to construct color–magnitude and color–color diagrams. Follow-up spectroscopy of the brightest members of several cluster candidates was obtained in order to clarify their nature. Results. We report the discovery of 58 new infrared cluster candidates. Fundamental parameters such as age, distance, and metallicity were determined for 20 of the most populous clusters.

Uso de nubes de puntos 3D para identificación y caracterización de familias de discontinuidades planas en afloramientos rocosos y evaluación de la calidad geomecánica

En este trabajo se estudia el uso de las nubes de puntos en 3D, es decir, un conjunto de puntos en un sistema de referencia cartesiano en R3, para la identificación y caracterización de las discontinuidades que afloran en un macizo rocoso y su aplicación al campo de la Mecánica de Rocas. Las nubes de puntos utilizadas se han adquirido mediante tres técnicas: sintéticas, 3D laser scanner y la técnica de fotogrametría digital Structure From Motion (SfM). El enfoque está orientado a la extracción y caracterización de familias de discontinuidades y su aplicación a la evaluación de la calidad de un talud rocoso mediante la clasificación geomecánica Slope Mass Rating (SMR). El contenido de la misma está dividido en tres bloques, como son: (1) metodología de extracción de discontinuidades y clasificación de la nube de puntos 3D; (2) análisis de espaciados normales en nubes de puntos 3D; y (3) análisis de la evaluación de la calidad geomecánica de taludes rocoso mediante la clasificación geomecánica SMR a partir de nubes de puntos 3D. La primera línea de investigación consiste en el estudio de las nubes de puntos 3D con la finalidad de extraer y caracterizar las discontinuidades planas presentes en la superficie de un macizo rocoso. En primer lugar, se ha recopilado información de las metodologías existentes y la disponibilidad de programas para su estudio. Esto motivó la decisión de investigar y diseñar un proceso de clasificación novedoso, que muestre todos los pasos para su programación e incluso ofreciendo el código programado a la comunidad científica bajo licencia GNU GPL. De esta forma, se ha diseñado una novedosa metodología y se ha programado un software que analiza nubes de puntos 3D de forma semi-automática, permitiendo al usuario interactuar con el proceso de clasificación. Dicho software se llama Discontinuity Set Extractor (DSE). El método se ha validado empleando nubes de puntos sintéticas y adquiridas con 3D laser scanner. En primer lugar, este código analiza la nube de puntos efectuando un test de coplanaridad para cada punto y sus vecinos próximos para, a continuación, calcular el vector normal de la superficie en el punto estudiado. En segundo lugar, se representan los polos de los vectores normales calculados en el paso previo en una falsilla estereográfica. A continuación se calcula la densidad de los polos y los polos con mayor densidad o polos principales. Estos indican las orientaciones de la superficie más representadas, y por tanto las familias de discontinuidades. En tercer lugar, se asigna a cada punto una familia en dependencia del ángulo formado por el vector normal del punto y el de la familia. En este punto el usuario puede visualizar la nube de puntos clasificada con las familias de discontinuidades que ha determinado para validar el resultado intermedio. En cuarto lugar, se realiza un análisis cluster en el que se determina la agrupación de puntos según planos para cada familia (clusters). A continuación, se filtran aquellos que no tengan un número de puntos suficiente y se determina la ecuación de cada plano. Finalmente, se exportan los resultados de la clasificación a un archivo de texto para su análisis y representación en otros programas. La segunda línea de investigación consiste en el estudio del espaciado entre discontinuidades planas que afloran en macizos rocosos a partir de nubes de puntos 3D. Se desarrolló una metodología de cálculo de espaciados a partir de nubes de puntos 3D previamente clasificadas con el fin de determinar las relaciones espaciales entre planos de cada familia y calcular el espaciado normal. El fundamento novedoso del método propuesto es determinar el espaciado normal de familia basándonos en los mismos principios que en campo, pero sin la restricción de las limitaciones espaciales, condiciones de inseguridad y dificultades inherentes al proceso. Se consideraron dos aspectos de las discontinuidades: su persistencia finita o infinita, siendo la primera el aspecto más novedoso de esta publicación. El desarrollo y aplicación del método a varios casos de estudio permitió determinar su ámbito de aplicación. La validación se llevó a cabo con nubes de puntos sintéticas y adquiridas con 3D laser scanner. La tercera línea de investigación consiste en el análisis de la aplicación de la información obtenida con nubes de puntos 3D a la evaluación de la calidad de un talud rocoso mediante la clasificación geomecánica SMR. El análisis se centró en la influencia del uso de orientaciones determinadas con distintas fuentes de información (datos de campo y técnicas de adquisición remota) en la determinación de los factores de ajuste y al valor del índice SMR. Los resultados de este análisis muestran que el uso de fuentes de información y técnicas ampliamente aceptadas pueden ocasionar cambios en la evaluación de la calidad del talud rocoso de hasta una clase geomecánica (es decir, 20 unidades). Asimismo, los análisis realizados han permitido constatar la validez del índice SMR para cartografiar zonas inestables de un talud. Los métodos y programas informáticos desarrollados suponen un importante avance científico para el uso de nubes de puntos 3D para: (1) el estudio y caracterización de las discontinuidades de los macizos rocosos y (2) su aplicación a la evaluación de la calidad de taludes en roca mediante las clasificaciones geomecánicas. Asimismo, las conclusiones obtenidas y los medios y métodos empleados en esta tesis doctoral podrán ser contrastadas y utilizados por otros investigadores, al estar disponibles en la web del autor bajo licencia GNU GPL.

Photogeneration of Hydrogen from Water by Hybrid Molybdenum Sulfide Clusters Immobilized on Titania

Two new hybrid molybdenum(IV) Mo3S7 cluster complexes derivatized with diimino ligands have been prepared by replacement of the two bromine atoms of [Mo3S7Br6]2− by a substituted bipyridine ligand to afford heteroleptic molybdenum(IV) Mo3S7Br4(diimino) complexes. Adsorption of the Mo3S7 cores from sample solutions on TiO2 was only achieved from the diimino functionalized clusters. The adsorbed Mo3S7 units were reduced on the TiO2 surface to generate an electrocatalyst that reduces the overpotential for the H2 evolution reaction by approximately 0.3 V (for 1 mA cm−2) with a turnover frequency as high as 1.4 s−1. The nature of the actual active molybdenum sulfide species has been investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In agreement with the electrochemical results, the modified TiO2 nanoparticles show a high photocatalytic activity for H2 production in the presence of Na2S/Na2SO3 as a sacrificial electron donor system.

Muscle-Type Nicotinic Receptor Blockade by Diethylamine, the Hydrophilic Moiety of Lidocaine

Lidocaine bears in its structure both an aromatic ring and a terminal amine, which can be protonated at physiological pH, linked by an amide group. Since lidocaine causes multiple inhibitory actions on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), this work was aimed to determine the inhibitory effects of diethylamine (DEA), a small molecule resembling the hydrophilic moiety of lidocaine, on Torpedo marmorata nAChRs microtransplanted to Xenopus oocytes. Similarly to lidocaine, DEA reversibly blocked acetylcholine-elicited currents (IACh) in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 close to 70 μM), but unlike lidocaine, DEA did not affect IACh desensitization. IACh inhibition by DEA was more pronounced at negative potentials, suggesting an open-channel blockade of nAChRs, although roughly 30% inhibition persisted at positive potentials, indicating additional binding sites outside the pore. DEA block of nAChRs in the resting state (closed channel) was confirmed by the enhanced IACh inhibition when pre-applying DEA before its co-application with ACh, as compared with solely DEA and ACh co-application. Virtual docking assays provide a plausible explanation to the experimental observations in terms of the involvement of different sets of drug binding sites. So, at the nAChR transmembrane (TM) domain, DEA and lidocaine shared binding sites within the channel pore, giving support to their open-channel blockade; besides, lidocaine, but not DEA, interacted with residues at cavities among the M1, M2, M3, and M4 segments of each subunit and also at intersubunit crevices. At the extracellular (EC) domain, DEA and lidocaine binding sites were broadly distributed, which aids to explain the closed channel blockade observed. Interestingly, some DEA clusters were located at the α-γ interphase of the EC domain, in a cavity near the orthosteric binding site pocket; by contrast, lidocaine contacted with all α-subunit loops conforming the ACh binding site, both in α-γ and α-δ and interphases, likely because of its larger size. Together, these results indicate that DEA mimics some, but not all, inhibitory actions of lidocaine on nAChRs and that even this small polar molecule acts by different mechanisms on this receptor. The presented results contribute to a better understanding of the structural determinants of nAChR modulation.

Expert Opinions on Improving Femicide Data Collection across Europe: A Concept Mapping Study

Femicide, defined as the killings of females by males because they are females, is becoming recognized worldwide as an important ongoing manifestation of gender inequality. Despite its high prevalence or widespread prevalence, only a few countries have specific registries about this issue. This study aims to assemble expert opinion regarding the strategies which might feasibly be employed to promote, develop and implement an integrated and differentiated femicide data collection system in Europe at both the national and international levels. Concept mapping methodology was followed, involving 28 experts from 16 countries in generating strategies, sorting and rating them with respect to relevance and feasibility. The experts involved were all members of the EU-Cost-Action on femicide, which is a scientific network of experts on femicide and violence against women across Europe. As a result, a conceptual map emerged, consisting of 69 strategies organized in 10 clusters, which fit into two domains: “Political action” and “Technical steps”. There was consensus among participants regarding the high relevance of strategies to institutionalize national databases and raise public awareness through different stakeholders, while strategies to promote media involvement were identified as the most feasible. Differences in perceived priorities according to the level of human development index of the experts’ countries were also observed.

Detailing for a research centre in Antarctica: An experiment to force students to be creative instead of copying standard solutions

In order to equip architecture students with ambitious detail designing ability, related courses of the architecture programs should deal with subjects which are rather rare and unusual for real life practices in order to prevent students copying standard details. In 2015 an innovative project brief has been given to architecture students of Istanbul Technical University. The scenario given in the brief is to design a research station for the first group of Turkish scientist, to be built in one of the coldest and most arid regions on earth; the Antarctica. The performance requirements given in the brief were determined to prevent the students from copying details from any kind of resources as the total number of details generated in real life for those conditions are very limited and specific. The method used has demonstrated a great success and creative detail solutions were generated by the students. In the paper, the innovative coursework brief for bettering the detail design ability of architecture students is explained and the output of the studio is presented.

Delineating zones to increase geographical detail in individual response data files: An application to the Spanish 2011 Census of population

Due to confidentiality considerations, the microdata available from the 2011 Spanish Census have been codified at a provincial (NUTS 3) level except when the municipal (LAU 2) population exceeds 20,000 inhabitants (a requirement that is met by less than 5% of all municipalities). For the remainder of the municipalities within a given province, information is only provided for their classification in wide population intervals. These limitations, hampering territorially-focused socio-economic analyses, and more specifically, those related to the labour market, are observed in many other countries. This article proposes and demonstrates an automatic procedure aimed at delineating a set of areas that meet such population requirements and that may be used to re-codify the geographic reference in these cases, thereby increasing the territorial detail at which individual information is available. The method aggregates municipalities into clusters based on the optimisation of a relevant objective function subject to a number of statistical constraints, and is implemented using evolutionary computation techniques. Clusters are defined to fit outer boundaries at the level of labour market areas.