An evolutive approach for the delineation of local labour markets

This paper presents a new approach to the delineation of local labour markets based on evolutionary computation. The main objective is the regionalisation of a given territory into functional regions based on commuting flows. According to the relevant literature, such regions are defined so that (a) their boundaries are rarely crossed in daily journeys to work, and (b) a high degree of intra-area movement exists. This proposal merges municipalities into functional regions by maximizing a fitness function that measures aggregate intra-region interaction under constraints of inter-region separation and minimum size. Real results are presented based on the latest database from the Census of Population in the Region of Valencia. Comparison between the results obtained through the official method which currently is most widely used (that of British Travel-to-Work Areas) and those from our approach is also presented, showing important improvements in terms of both the number of different market areas identified that meet the statistical criteria and the degree of aggregate intra-market interaction.

An evolutionary approach to the delineation of functional areas based on travel-to-work flows

This paper presents a new approach to the delineation of local labor markets based on evolutionary computation. The aim of the exercise is the division of a given territory into functional regions based on travel-to-work flows. Such regions are defined so that a high degree of inter-regional separation and of intra-regional integration in both cases in terms of commuting flows is guaranteed. Additional requirements include the absence of overlap between delineated regions and the exhaustive coverage of the whole territory. The procedure is based on the maximization of a fitness function that measures aggregate intra-region interaction under constraints of inter-region separation and minimum size. In the experimentation stage, two variations of the fitness function are used, and the process is also applied as a final stage for the optimization of the results from one of the most successful existing methods, which are used by the British authorities for the delineation of travel-to-work areas (TTWAs). The empirical exercise is conducted using real data for a sufficiently large territory that is considered to be representative given the density and variety of travel-to-work patterns that it embraces. The paper includes the quantitative comparison with alternative traditional methods, the assessment of the performance of the set of operators which has been specifically designed to handle the regionalization problem and the evaluation of the convergence process. The robustness of the solutions, something crucial in a research and policy-making context, is also discussed in the paper.

Género y desarrollo profesional: las enfermeras de salud pública en la España del período de entreguerras, 1925-1939

La evolución de la profesión de enfermería a lo largo de la historia ha estado marcada por su naturaleza mayoritariamente femenina. A través del ejemplo de las enfermeras de salud pública del periodo entreguerras, se analiza su contribución en las iniciativas de salud comunitaria que se pusieron en marcha en España en las décadas de 1920 y 1930, y se abordan los condicionantes de género que determinaron su actividad y su emergencia como colectivo profesional. La investigación ha permitido visualizar las dos caras de una misma realidad; por un lado la contribución singular de las enfermeras a la salud de la población, y por otro, los obstáculos y dificultades vinculadas a su naturaleza femenina, y que han llegado hasta nuestros días, perpetuando situaciones de desigualdad y discriminación.

Yo crezco, tú creces, él crece…Nuestra casa crece. Mecanismos de ampliación en la vivienda contemporánea

Alvar Aalto, Cedric Price, Jorn Utzon, Renzo Piano o Walter Gropius son algunos de los muchos arquitectos que en algún momento de su carrera han construido una casa crecedera, es decir, una unidad básica e incompleta que parte del desarrollo adaptativo y que por su tamaño se vuelve asequible en el mercado actual, abriendo así el proceso de proyecto y construcción a los usuarios. Cada arquitecto ha tenido distintas maneras de acercarse a este proceso en función del contexto y de las necesidades de los habitantes, consiguiendo así diferentes tipos de casas que crecen de múltiples formas. Este artículo se centra en la identificación de esos distintos mecanismos de ampliación para realizar una clasificación que tiene como objetivo entender por un lado el proceso del crecimiento desde el punto de vista morfológico a lo largo del último siglo y por otro indicar como las transformaciones de la vivienda afectan directamente a la imagen urbana.

Tectono-sedimentary evolution of the ’Numidian Formation’ and Lateral Facies (southern branch of the western Tethys): constraints for central-western Mediterranean geodynamics

The origin of the Numidian Formation (latest Oligocene to middle Miocene), characterized by ultra-mature quartzose arenites with abundant well-rounded frosted quartz grains, remains controversial. This formation, sedimented in the external domain of the Maghrebian Flysch Basin, displays three characteristic stratigraphic members with marked longitudinal (proximal–distal) and transverse (along-chain) variations with palaeogeographical importance. The origin of the Numidian supply is related to the outward tectogenetic propagation when a forebulge evolved in the African foreland, leading to the erosion of African cratonic areas rich in quartzose arenites (Nubian Sandstone-like). The ages of the Numidian Formation checked by Betic, Maghrebian and Southern Apennine data suggest a timing for the accretionary orogenic wedge, earlier in the Betic-Rifian Arc (after middle Burdigalian), later in the Algerian-Tunisian Tell (after late Burdigalian) and afterwards in Sicily and the Southern Apennines (after Langhian). A geodynamic evolutionary model for the central-western Mediterranean is proposed.