On nomenclature and identity of Scarabaeus aeruginosus Linnaeus, S. aeruginosus Drury and S. speciosissimus Scopoli (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Cetoniinae and Rutelinae)

The valid name for the largest European species of Cetoniinae is Protaetia speciosissima (Scopoli, 1786), with Protaetia aeruginosa (Medvedev, 1964) as a junior synonym. The specimen illustrated by Scopoli in the original description is designated as the lectotype of Scarabaeus speciosissimus Scopoli, 1786. Since the lectotype is lost, a neotype from Piedmont, Italy, is designated and deposited in the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Carmagnola, Italy. The name Scarabaeus aeruginosus Drury, 1773 is unavailable since Drury did not describe a new species but misidentified Scarabaeus aeruginosus Linné, 1767. A specimen figured by Gronovius in 1764 and cited by Linné is designated as the lectotype of Scarabaeus aeruginosus Linné, 1767. This species remains dubious, but it can be assigned to the ruteline subtribe Anticheirina.

Emotion in Cervantes and Shakespeare

Early modern thought found in emotion a key to explaining human behaviour, highlighting the powerful way in which it can influence and disturb human life. Shakespeare’s and Cervantes’s treatment of emotion includes a full acknowledgement of its mental and bodily aspects and functions. But emotion rarely comes in a pure state. Character and emotion interact and their responses are often contradictory. Since emotions are sentiments that we feel and actions that we perform, it is worth inquiring into how, in Cervantes and Shakespeare, emotion affects their characters in different ways.