Copper-Free Oxime–Palladacycle-Catalyzed Sonogashira Alkynylation of Deactivated Aryl Bromides and Chlorides in Water under Microwave Irradiation

Palladium-catalyzed Heck alkynylation cross-coupling reactions between terminal alkynes and deactivated aryl chlorides and aryl bromides can be performed in the absence of copper cocatalyst with water as solvent at 130 °C under microwave irradiation. An oxime-derived chloro-bridged palladacycle is an efficient precatalyst for this transformation with 2-dicyclohexylphosphanyl-2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl (XPhos) as ancillary ligand, pyrrolidine as base, and SBDS as surfactant. All of the reactions can be performed under air and with reagent-grade chemicals under low loading conditions (0.1–1 mol-% Pd).

Palladium and Bimetallic Palladium–Nickel Nanoparticles Supported on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes: Application to Carbon–Carbon Bond-Forming Reactions in Water

Palladium and bimetallic Pd–Ni nanoparticles (NPs) protected by polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared by the reduction-by-solvent method and deposited on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The catalytic activity of these NPs to carbon–carbon bond-forming reactions was studied by using 0.1 mol % Pd loading, at 120 °C for 1 h and water as a solvent under ligand-free conditions. The Suzuki–Miyaura reaction took place quantitatively for the cross-coupling of 4-bromoanisole with phenylboronic acid, better than those obtained with potassium phenyltrifluoroborate, with Pd50Ni50/MWCNTs as a catalyst and K2CO3 as a base and TBAB as an additive, with good recyclability during 4 cycles with some Ni leaching. The Hiyama reaction of 4-iodoanisole with trimethoxyphenylsilane, under fluoride-free conditions using 50 % aqueous NaOH solution, was performed with Pd/MWCNTs as a catalyst in 83 % yield with low recyclability. For the Mizoroki-Heck reaction 4-iodoanisole and styrene gave the corresponding 4-methoxystilbene quantitatively with Pd50Ni50/MWCNTs using K2CO3 as a base and TBAB as an additive although the recycle failed. In the case of the Sonogashira-Hagihara reaction, Pd/MWCNTs had to be used as a catalyst and pyrrolidine as a base for the coupling of 4-iodoanisole with phenylacetylene under copper-free conditions. The corresponding 4-methoxytolane was quantitatively obtained allowing the recycling of the catalyst during 3 cycles.

On the reactivity of naphthalene and biphenyl dianions: tying up loose ends concerning an SN2-ET dichotomy in alkylation reactions

Naphthalene and biphenyl dianions are interesting compounds that can be obtained by double reduction of the corresponding arenes in solution with certain alkali metals. These dianions are highly reactive and rather elusive species with very high laying and highly delocalized electrons. They share many aspects of the reactivity of the alkali metal they originated from and consequently behave primarily as strong electron transfer (ET) reagents. We report here kinetic evidence for a different type of reactivity in their alkylation reactions with alkyl fluorides. By using cyclopropylmethyl fluoride (c-C3H5CH2F) as a very fast radical probe, we were able to settle that this alkylation does not involve the classical electron transfer reaction followed by radical coupling between diffusing radicals, but supports the alternative SN2 concerted mechanism, discerning thus this mechanistic SN2-ET dichotomy.