Trends and Disparities in Mortality Among Spanish-Born and Foreign-Born Populations Residing in Spain, 1999–2008

Spain’s immigrant population has increased 380 % in the last decade, accounting for 13.1 % of the total population. This fact has led her to become during 2009 the eighth recipient country of international immigrants in the world. The aim of this article is to describe the evolution of mortality and the main causes of death among the Spanish-born and foreign-born populations residing in Spain between 1999 and 2008. Age-standardised mortality rates (ASRs), average age and comparative mortality ratios among foreign-born and Spanish-born populations residing in Spain were computed for every year and sub-period by sex, cause of death and place of birth as well as by the ASR percentage change. During 1999–2008 the ASR showed a progressive decrease in the risk of death in the Spanish-born population (−17.8 % for men and −16.6 % for women) as well as in the foreign-born one (−45.9 % for men and −35.7 % for women). ASR also showed a progressive decrease for practically all the causes of death, in both populations. It has been observed that the risk of death due to neoplasms and respiratory diseases among immigrants is lower than that of their Spanish-born counterparts, but risk due to external causes is higher. Places of birth with the greater decreases are Northern Europe, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, Southern Europe, and Latin America and the Caribbean. The research shows the differences in the reduction of death risk between Spanish-born and immigrant inhabitants between 1999 and 2008. These results could contribute to the ability of central and local governments to create effective health policy. Further research is necessary to examine changes in mortality trends among immigrant populations as a consequence of the economic crisis and the reforms in the Spanish health system. Spanish data sources should incorporate into their records information that enables them to find out the immigrant duration of permanence and the possible impact of this on mortality indicators.

Work-related health problems among resident immigrant workers in Italy and Spain

Background: in both Spain and Italy the number of immigrants has strongly increased in the last 20 years, currently representing more than the 10% of workforce in each country. The segregation of immigrants into unskilled or risky jobs brings negative consequences for their health. The objective of this study is to compare prevalence of work-related health problems between immigrants and native workers in Italy and Spain. Methods: data come from the Italian Labour Force Survey (n=65 779) and Spanish Working Conditions Survey (n=11 019), both conducted in 2007. We analyzed merged datasets to evaluate whether interviewees, both natives and migrants, judge their health being affected by their work conditions and, if so, which specific diseases. For migrants, we considered those coming from countries with a value of the Human Development Index lower than 0.85. Logistic regression models were used, including gender, age, and education as adjusting factors. Results: migrants reported skin diseases (Mantel-Haenszel pooled OR=1.49; 95%CI: 0.59-3.74) and musculoskeletal problems among those employed in agricultural sector (Mantel-Haenszel pooled OR=1.16; 95%CI: 0.69-1.96) more frequently than natives; country-specific analysis showed higher risks of musculoskeletal problems among migrants compared to the non-migrant population in Italy (OR=1.17; 95% CI: 0.48-1.59) and of respiratory problems in Spain (OR=2.02; 95%CI: 1.02-4.0). In both countries the risk of psychological stress was predominant among national workers. Conclusions: this collaborative study allows to strength the evidence concerning the health of migrant workers in Southern European countries.

Spanish Architecture 1992-2008

Architecture in Spain 1992-2008. This Conference (in image format) performs a synthetic tour of the architectural production in Spain during the period that opens with the events of 1992 (Olympics Games and World Expo in Seville) and closed in 2008 (exhibition of MoMA, Global Crisis and Universal Expo of Zaragoza). On the one hand shows the world and Spanish socio-economic context and is a selection of different architectures, grouped into six streams.

Combined effects of cellulose nanocrystals and silver nanoparticles on the barrier and migration properties of PLA nano-biocomposites

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based high performance nano-biocomposites were prepared to be used in active food packaging. Pristine (CNC) and surfactant modified cellulose nanocrystals (s-CNC) with silver (Ag) nanoparticles were used as the matrix modifiers. Binary and ternary systems were prepared. Morphological investigations revealed the good distribution of silver nanoparticles in PLA ternary systems. The combination of s-CNC and Ag nanoparticles increased the barrier effect of the produced films while the results of overall migration for the PLA nano-biocomposites revealed that none of the samples exceeded the overall migration limit, since results were well below 60 mg kg−1 of simulant.

Structure, gas-barrier properties and overall migration of poly(lactic acid) films coated with hydrogenated amorphous carbon layers

Hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) films were grown on a poly(lactic acid) (PLA) substrate by means of a radiofrequency plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (rf-PECVD) technique with different deposition times (5, 20 and 40 min). The main goal of this treatment was to increase the barrier properties of PLA, maintaining its original transparency and colour as well as controlling interactions with food simulants for packaging applications. Morphological, chemical, and mechanical properties of PLA/a-C:H systems were evaluated while permeability and overall migration tests were performed in order to determine the effect of the plasma treatment on the gas-barrier properties of PLA films and their application in food packaging. Morphological results suggested a good adhesion of the deposited layers onto the polymer surface and the samples treated for 5 and 20 min only slightly darkened the PLA film. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that the structural properties of the carbon layer deposited onto the PLA film depend on the exposure time. PLA/a-C:H system treated for 5 min showed the highest barrier properties, while none of the studied samples exceeded the migration limit established by the current legislation, suggesting the suitability of these materials in packaging applications.

Conversion of a digital camera into a non-contact colorimeter for use in stone cultural heritage: The application case to Spanish granites

In this study, a digital CMOS camera was calibrated for use as a non-contact colorimeter for measuring the color of granite artworks. The low chroma values of the granite, which yield similar stimulation of the three color channels of the camera, proved to be the most challenging aspect of the task. The appropriate parameters for converting the device-dependent RGB color space into a device-independent color space were established. For this purpose, the color of a large number of Munsell samples (corresponding to the previously defined color gamut of granite) was measured with a digital camera and with a spectrophotometer (reference instrument). The color data were then compared using the CIELAB color formulae. The best correlations between measurements were obtained when the camera works to 10-bits and the spectrophotometric measures in SCI mode. Finally, the calibrated instrument was used successfully to measure the color of six commercial varieties of Spanish granite.

Palladium nanoparticles supported on graphene and reduced graphene oxide as efficient recyclable catalyst for the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction of potassium aryltrifluoroborates

Palladium nanoparticles supported on graphene platelets have been efficiently used as catalyst in the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling between aryl bromides and potassium aryltrifluoroborates using 0.1 mol% of Pd and potassium carbonate as base in MeOH/H2O as solvent at 80 °C. The reaction can be performed using conventional and microwave heating showing the catalyst high reusability, particularly with microwaves, where lower aggregation of Pd nanoparticles has been observed. A dissolution/re-deposition catalytic mechanism is proposed, based on the fact that palladium leaching to the solution is detected under microwave irradiation.

Racism, Other Discriminations and Effects on Health

We study the probability of perceived racism/other forms of discrimination on immigrant and Spanish populations within different public spheres and show their effect on the health of immigrants using a cross-sectional design (ENS-06). Variables: perceived racism/other forms of discrimination (exposure), socio-demographic (explicative), health indicators (dependent). Frequencies, prevalences, and bivariate/multivariate analysis were conducted separately for men (M) and women (W). We estimated the health problems attributable to racism through the population attributable proportion (PAP). Immigrants perceived more racism than Spaniards in workplace (ORM = 48.1; 95 % CI 28.2–82.2), and receiving health care (ORW = 48.3; 95 % CI 24.7–94.4). Racism and other forms of discrimination were associated with poor mental health (ORM = 5.6; 95 % CI 3.9–8.2; ORW = 7.3; 95 % CI 4.1–13.0) and injury (ORW = 30.6; 95 % CI 13.6–68.7). It is attributed to perceived racism the 80.1 % of consumption of psychotropics (M), and to racism with other forms of discrimination the 52.3 % of cases of injury (W). Racism plays a role as a health determinant.

Electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to formate using particulate Sn electrodes: Effect of metal loading and particle size

The development of electrochemical processes for the conversion of CO2 into value-added products allows innovative carbon capture & utilization (CCU) instead of carbon capture & storage (CCS). In addition, coupling this conversion with renewable energy sources would make it possible to chemically store electricity from these intermittent renewable sources. The electroreduction of CO2 to formate in aqueous solution has been performed using Sn particles deposited over a carbon support. The effect of the particle size and Sn metal loading has been evaluated using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The selected electrode has been tested on an experimental filter-press type cell system for continuous and single pass CO2 electroreduction to obtain formate as main product at ambient pressure and temperature. Experimental results show that using electrodes with 0.75 mg Sn cm−2, 150 nm Sn particles, and working at a current density of 90 mA cm−2, it is possible to achieve rates of formate production over 3.2 mmol m−2 s−1 and faradaic efficiencies around 70% for 90 min of continuous operation. These experimental conditions allow formate concentrations of about 1.5 g L−1 to be obtained on a continuous mode and with a single pass of catholyte through the cell.

Neurospora crassa transcriptomics reveals oxidative stress and plasma membrane homeostasis biology genes as key targets in response to chitosan

Chitosan is a natural polymer with antimicrobial activity. Chitosan causes plasma membrane permeabilization and induction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Neurospora crassa. We have determined the transcriptional profile of N. crassa to chitosan and identified the main gene targets involved in the cellular response to this compound. Global network analyses showed membrane, transport and oxidoreductase activity as key nodes affected by chitosan. Activation of oxidative metabolism indicates the importance of ROS and cell energy together with plasma membrane homeostasis in N. crassa response to chitosan. Deletion strain analysis of chitosan susceptibility pointed NCU03639 encoding a class 3 lipase, involved in plasma membrane repair by lipid replacement, and NCU04537 a MFS monosaccharide transporter related to assimilation of simple sugars, as main gene targets of chitosan. NCU10521, a glutathione S-transferase-4 involved in the generation of reducing power for scavenging intracellular ROS is also a determinant chitosan gene target. Ca2+ increased tolerance to chitosan in N. crassa. Growth of NCU10610 (fig 1 domain) and SYT1 (a synaptotagmin) deletion strains was significantly increased by Ca2+ in the presence of chitosan. Both genes play a determinant role in N. crassa membrane homeostasis. Our results are of paramount importance for developing chitosan as an antifungal.

Characterization of a zeolite-templated carbon by electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance and in situ Raman spectroscopy

Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance was used to monitor the mass changes during the electrochemical characterization of a zeolite-templated carbon (ZTC) in 1 M H2SO4 medium. Under electrochemical oxidation conditions, a high anodic current and a net mass increase were recorded, resulting in the increase of the specific capacitance owing to the contribution of the pseudocapacitance, mainly derived from the hydroquinone–quinone redox couple. Under more severe electrochemical conditions, a net mass loss was observed, revealing that electrochemical gasification took place. Surface chemistry, before and after the electrochemical treatments, was analyzed through temperature programmed desorption experiments. Furthermore, in situ Raman spectroscopy was used to further characterize the structural changes produced in ZTC under the electrochemical conditions applied, supporting that high potential values produce the electrochemical oxidation and degradation of the carbon material.

Violencia de género en mujeres inmigrantes y españolas: magnitud, respuestas ante el problema y políticas existentes

Objetivo: Comparar la prevalencia de la violencia de género entre mujeres inmigrantes y españolas. Describir sus respuestas ante esta situación y posibles diferencias entre ellas. Identificar intervenciones ya existentes en España sobre prevención y atención sociosanitaria de violencia de género dirigidas a inmigrantes. Métodos: Estudio transversal mediante encuesta autoadministrada en 10.202 mujeres que acudieron a centros de atención primaria en España (2006-2007). Análisis de contenido del informe de seguimiento de la ley 1/2004 de medidas de protección integral contra la violencia de género remitido por las comunidades autónomas (CC.AA.) (2005) y las leyes y planes autonómicos más recientes. Resultados: La prevalencia de violencia de género en las españolas es del 14,3% y en las inmigrantes del 27,3%. La probabilidad de violencia de género en las inmigrantes es mayor (odds ratio ajustada: 2,06; intervalo de confianza del 95%: 1,61–2,64). Las inmigrantes dijeron haber denunciado a su pareja con más frecuencia, así como que no sabían resolver su situación. Algunas CC.AA. ya han emprendido intervenciones para superar las barreras de acceso a los servicios sociosanitarios, pero sólo tres facilitan el número de mujeres inmigrantes beneficiarias de ayudas económicas y laborales hasta 2005. Conclusiones: Existe una desigual distribución en la prevalencia de la violencia de género según el país de origen, afectando en mayor medida a las mujeres inmigrantes. Éstas denuncian con más frecuencia que las españolas, pero tal actuación no supone una garantía de resultados efectivos. Aunque se han identificado otras intervenciones específicas en algunas CC.AA., sería necesario evaluarlas para asegurar que las mujeres inmigrantes se están beneficiando.

Madres y enfermeras: el modelo de cuidados a la infancia en la colección «Al servicio de España y del niño español» (1938-1964)

Objetivos: El estudio se plantea profundizar en el análisis del discurso del régimen franquista que se dirigió a la población femenina, especialmente a las madres y a las enfermeras, en relación con los cuidados a la infancia. Métodos: Se analizó la colección «Al Servicio de España y del Niño Español» (1938-1964), publicada por el Ministerio de Gobernación, mediante un análisis del contenido de las monografías que se ocupaban del los cuidados a la infancia. Discusión y conclusiones: El régimen franquista condenó el trabajo fuera del hogar de las mujeres y promovió una política pronatalista. Las mujeres fueron consideradas ignorantes y por tanto culpables de la elevada mortalidad infantil. Su acción se orientó a capacitar a todas las mujeres (que algún día llegarían a ser madres) en el cuidado de los niños. Fue obligatoria la enseñanza de la puericultura a las niñas en todos los niveles. Se fomento la lactancia materna con un discurso culpabilizador (la mujer que no lacta es una semimadre). Con todo, a pesar de todas estas iniciativas pronatalistas, la realidad social se impuso y la natalidad disminuyó, y también lo hizo la mortalidad infantil debido a la mejora de las condiciones de vida, al mismo tiempo que se produjo un fuerte aumento del uso del biberón y del trabajo femenino fuera del hogar.

Adolescentes y tecnologías de la información y la comunicación en España

El objetivo fundamental de este artículo es analizar la relación entre las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) y los adolescentes españoles. Concretamente, se estudia, a través de metodología cualitativa, los usos que hacen los adolescentes de los dispositivos tecnológicos, así como el acceso a los mismos. Por otra parte, también se analizan las finalidades por las cuales utilizan las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación, destacando su íntima relación con la comunicación entre iguales y el entretenimiento, mientras se observa una infrautilización de las tecnologías para el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje.

Evidencia científica y recomendaciones sobre cribado de agudeza visual: revisión bibliográfica

Fundamentos: En los ámbitos científico e institucional existe controversia sobre cuándo recomendar la práctica del cribado visual en la población. El objetivo de este trabajo es valorar el nivel de evidencia científica que existe sobre el cribado visual para determinar si las recomendaciones existentes son o no adecuadas. Métodos: Revisión sistemática de artículos científicos consultando las bases de datos MedLine y The Cochranre Library Plus, sin restricción de fecha, en los idiomas español e inglés. Se incluyó literatura gris mediante búsqueda manual. No se hicieron restricciones respecto al tipo de estudio. Se revisaron los abstracts y en los casos necesarios los artículos completos, teniéndose en cuenta finalmente todos los artículos que incluían recomendaciones sobre cribado de agudeza visual y eliminando el resto. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 6 artículos. La mayoría de las recomendaciones realizadas por las sociedades fueron a través de guías de práctica clínica o artículos de opinión. Respecto a los diseños de los artículos científicos localizados hubo 2 ensayos aleatorios controlados, 3 ensayos no controlados y 1 estudio transversal. Conclusiones: Los estudios sobre adultos no permiten determinar que las recomendaciones realizadas por las sociedades científicas tengan una base científica sólida. En el caso de los niños, los estudios y las sociedades científicas no aclaran cuál es la edad más idónea para realizar cribado visual.