Irrigation canals in a semi-arid agricultural landscape surrounded by wetlands: Their role as a habitat for birds during the breeding season

Traditional water supply systems in semi-arid agrarian ecosystems, mainly irrigation canals, contribute to the diversity of the landscape and influence the composition of species. To evaluate their effect on bird communities in the breeding season, we selected a rural area in southeastern Spain, where an intricate and extensive network of irrigation canals and cultivated areas is located between two wetlands declared as Natural Parks. Birds were counted at representative points distributed throughout the canal network at which we recorded several variables related to the physical features, the vertical and horizontal structure of associated vegetation, reed development (Phragmites australis) and land use in the neighboring areas. We detected 37 bird species, most of which were also breeding in the wetlands nearby. We used Hierarchical Partitioning analyses to identify the variables most strongly related to the probability of the presence of selected species and species richness. Vegetation cover and height close to the canals, together with reed development, were the most important types of variables explaining species presence and richness. We found that current management practices for reeds in canals are not well-suited for biodiversity conservation. We therefore propose alternatives that could be implemented in the area in cooperation with stakeholders.

Efectos y respuestas de la costra biológica del suelo en ecosistemas áridos: avances recientes a nivel de especie

La costra biológica del suelo (CBS) es un componente complejo del ecosistema que engloba diferentes organismos (líquenes, musgos, hepáticas, cianobacterias, hongos, algas) presentes en las primeras capas de suelo. La CBS se encuentra en una amplia variedad de ecosistemas, aunque generalmente es más abundante en ecosistemas donde la cobertura de plantas vasculares es escasa, como los ecosistemas áridos. En estos ecosistemas, la CBS contribuye considerablemente a su biodiversidad y funcionamiento. Debido a la gran dificultad para la identificación de especies de estas comunidades, la mayoría de la investigación sobre la CBS se ha desarrollado a escala de comunidad y grupo morfológico. A este nivel, se ha podido observar el gran potencial de estas comunidades de contribuir a la estructura y dinámica del ecosistema: interaccionan con las primeras capas del suelo y con otros organismos, participan en la fijación de carbono y nitrógeno, así como en procesos hidrológicos y en el ciclo de nutrientes. Sin embargo, avances recientes en el conocimiento de la CBS arrojan interesantes y marcadas diferencias en la ecología y el papel funcional de las distintas especies que la componen, con las consecuentes implicaciones en la gestión y conservación de estas comunidades y de los ecosistemas que habitan. En particular, se han observado respuestas específicas en términos de presencia, abundancia y frecuencia ante diversos factores ambientales (variables climáticas, tipo de sustrato, presencia de plantas vasculares y perturbación por pastoreo – recuperación natural), así como un efecto a nivel de especie sobre las propiedades del suelo.

The role of nutrients for improving seedling quality in drylands

Forest plantations have been extensively used to combat desertification. In drylands, harsh climate conditions and unfertile soils often preclude seedling establishment. The improvement in seedling quality by manipulating nutrient availability could contribute to increase planting success. However, morpho-functional traits defining optimum seedling quality in drylands, and the fertilization schemes to achieve them, are still under discussion. Several studies suggest that well fertilized seedlings may perform better than nutrient limited seedlings in these environments. However, recent works have shown opposite results. In this review, we discuss the concept of seedling quality in drylands based on an evaluation of the effects of nutrient manipulation on seedling morpho-functional traits and field performance. According to existing data, we hypothesize that nutrient-limited small seedlings may be better adapted to arid environments and unfavorable microsites, where access to water is uncertain and a conservative water use strategy may be advantageous. In contrast, in dry sub-humid areas, areas with deep soils, protected from excess radiation, and areas where irrigation is feasible, well-fertilized big seedlings with high root growth potential may have more chances of success. We discuss this theory in the context of the multiple objectives of dryland restoration and the environmental constrains posed by these areas, and identify knowledge gaps that should be targeted to test our hypothesis.

Drought and grazing combined: Contrasting shifts in plant interactions at species pair and community level

The combined effects of drought stress and grazing pressure on shaping plant–plant interactions are still poorly understood, while this combination is common in arid ecosystems. In this study we assessed the relative effect of grazing pressure and slope aspect (drought stress) on vegetation cover and soil functioning in semi-arid Mediterranean grassland–shrublands in southeastern Spain. Moreover, we linked these two stress factors to plant co-occurrence patterns at species-pair and community levels, by performing C-score analyses. Vegetation cover and soil functioning decreased with higher grazing pressure and more south-facing (drier) slopes. At the community level, plants at south-facing slopes were negatively associated at no grazing but positively associated at low grazing pressure and randomly associated at high grazing pressure. At north-facing slopes, grazing did not result in a shift in the direction of the association. In contrast, analysis of pairwise species co-occurrence patterns showed that the dominant species Stipa tenacissima and Anthyllis cytisoides shifted from excluding each other to co-occurring with increasing grazing pressure at north-facing slopes. Our findings highlight that for improved understanding of plant interactions along stress gradients, interactions between species pairs and interactions at the community level should be assessed, as these may reveal contrasting results.