The variability in adherence to dietary treatment and quality of weight loss: overweight and obesity

Objective: Observation of weight loss and the maximum time that individualized dietary treatment qualitative and quantitative is shown to be effective. Method: 4625 consultations were conducted with 616 patients over 25 years old, in the nutrition consultation, using the qualitative and quantitative individualized dietary treatment. As a result we controlled the weight loss, the fat and the quality and variability of the loss, monthly according to sex, age and BMI in an urban area of southeastern Spain. Results and discussion: A low level of abandonment was proved in men, patients older than 45 years old compared to obese showed a higher degree. The quality of the loss was greater in men under 45 years old, overweight patients, however, more research is needed in this area. Measuring the waist and hips has led to an increasing interest in measuring indicators of body fat. Conclusion: The individualized dietary treatment has been proved to be effective for six months and then a multidisciplinary mode of this treatment is recommended. The use of new ways to assess weight loss is proposed taking into consideration the quality and variability of loss, regardless of the treatment used.

Assessment of Web Content Accessibility Levels in Spanish Official Online Education Environments

Diversity-based designing, or the goal of ensuring that web-based information is accessible to as many diverse users as possible, has received growing international acceptance in recent years, with many countries introducing legislation to enforce it. This paper analyses web content accessibility levels in Spanish education portals according to the international guidelines established by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI). Additionally, it suggests the calculation of an inaccessibility rate as a tool for measuring the degree of non-compliance with WAI Guidelines 2.0 as well as illustrating the significant gap that separates people with disabilities from digital education environments (with a 7.77% average). A total of twenty-one educational web portals with two different web depth levels (42 sampling units) were assessed for this purpose using the automated analysis tool Web Accessibility Test 2.0 (TAW, for its initials in Spanish). The present study reveals a general trend towards non-compliance with the technical accessibility recommendations issued by the W3C-WAI group (97.62% of the websites examined present mistakes in Level A conformance). Furthermore, despite the increasingly high number of legal and regulatory measures about accessibility, their practical application still remains unsatisfactory. A greater level of involvement must be assumed in order to raise awareness and enhance training efforts towards accessibility in the context of collective Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), since this represents not only a necessity but also an ethical, social, political and legal commitment to be assumed by society.

What makes an ad enjoyable? Analysing advertising appeals as viewed by Portuguese consumers

Nowadays, consumers are faced with a variety of media that convey myriad advertising messages, which struggle amidst a highly competitive environment, with a view to drawing the viewers’ attention, raising awareness, creating interest and inspiring desire and, ultimately, leading to the purchase of the product/service at stake. For this, advertising professionals deliberately intertwine their selling arguments with emotionally-charged creative concepts. It is the aim of this study to analyse the impact of the main creative appeals and to identify groups of consumers based on their attitudes towards them. We have undertaken a quantitative study, by means of a survey administered to a convenience sample with a list of creative appeals, which had to be classified by the respondents according to their attitudes. Globally speaking, the preferred appeals were humour, music and animation. Nonetheless, it was possible to divide the respondents into three groups. ‘Advertising fans’, the ‘rationally-minded’ and the ‘emotionally-minded’. This study presents some limitations, especially as to the sample used. Apart from the reduced number of respondents and lack of more widespread geographic reach, some academic qualifications were underrepresented. The results of this study offer some avenues to be explored by marketing and advertising professionals when it comes to deciding on the best creative approach to select for their advertising campaigns. Besides, this study paves the way to the development of future research on the issue of advertising appeals and its relationship with the psychographic characteristics of consumers.

Measurement of the conductance of a hydrogen molecule

Recent years have shown steady progress towards molecular electronics, in which molecules form basic components such as switches, diodes and electronic mixers. Often, a scanning tunnelling microscope is used to address an individual molecule, although this arrangement does not provide long-term stability. Therefore, metal–molecule–metal links using break-junction devices have also been explored; however, it is difficult to establish unambiguously that a single molecule forms the contact. Here we show that a single hydrogen molecule can form a stable bridge between platinum electrodes. In contrast to results for organic molecules, the bridge has a nearly perfect conductance of one quantum unit, carried by a single channel. The hydrogen bridge represents a simple test system in which to understand fundamental transport properties of single-molecule devices.

Re-contacto mediante encuesta telefónica con trabajadores inmigrantes en España (ITSAL II)

Objetivo: La población inmigrante presenta dificultades específicas para acceder a ella. Este estudio describe y evalúa la experiencia de re-contacto (muestra final) con trabajadores inmigrantes que participaron en una encuesta tres años antes (muestra inicial), compara ambas muestras y describe la muestra final. Métodos: En 2008 se realizó una encuesta presencial a 2.434 trabajadores inmigrantes (proyecto ITSAL I). 1.229 dejaron un número telefónico para ser re-contactados. En 2011 se los llamó para encuestarlos nuevamente (proyecto ITSAL II). Se calcularon indicadores de resultados de contacto (American Association Public Opinion Research). Se compararon las características sociodemográficas y laborales de los trabajadores de las muestras inicial y final. En la muestra final se compararon las distribuciones de variables sociodemográficas y laborales según país de origen. Se analizaron los cambios de situación legal, sector de actividad y ocupación en este intervalo. Resultados: La proporción de entrevistados que contestaron la segunda entrevista (tasa de respuesta) fue 29,5%. La muestra final (n=318) contó con mayor participación de ecuatorianos, mujeres, mayores de 45 años y con personas mayor nivel de estudios. Rumanos y marroquíes presentan mayor desempleo (45,1%, 40,0%). El 71,1% no cambió de sector de actividad y el 63,2% mejoró su situación legal. Conclusiones: La tasa de respuesta fue similar a la obtenida en otros estudios de estas características. El re-contacto fue más difícil en algunos grupos determinados por país de origen, edad, nivel de estudios y situación legal, para los que habría que buscar vías alternativas para su seguimiento.

Relación entre variables antropométricas y dismorfia muscular en gimnastas de la provincia de Alicante

Objetivo: Se muestra un estudio novedoso en el que se analiza si las medidas antropométricas pueden ser utilizadas para clasificar la dismorfia muscular (DM), en gimnastas que asisten a sala de musculación. Metodología: Se analizaron gimnastas de varias salas de musculación de Alicante (zona urbana del sureste español), donde se recogieron las medidas de 141 varones de edad comprendida entre 18-45 años, que persiguen el aumento de su masa muscular. Se tuvieron en cuenta el cálculo del IMC (kg/m2), el somatotipo (endomorfia, mesomorfia y ectomorfia) y se han clasificado los posibles casos de dismorfia muscular, mediante la Escala de satisfacción muscular. Resultados: La muestra está constituida por 68 normopeso; 66 sobrepeso y 7 obesos, clasificados como DM en un 25.0% los normopeso, 33.3% sobrepeso y 85.7% los obesos (p=0.004). En el somatotipo, el único componente que presenta diferencias entre no DM y DM es la mesomorfia (p=0.024). Conclusión: La Dismorfia muscular es un concepto claramente psicológico difícilmente diagnosticable mediante medidas antropométricas. Únicamente la mesomorfia, es la medida que aparece incrementada en la DM, pudiendo ser un parámetro de ayuda en el diagnóstico y seguimiento de la DM. Además, el riesgo de padecer DM aumenta con el grado de obesidad.

Indicators of success in the dietary management of overweight and obesity: weight, body fat loss and quality

Concepts: %WL: Percentage of weight loss; %FL: Percentage of fat loss. Objective: evaluate which unit of measurement for weight loss could determine the success or failure of dietary treatment for overweight and obesity. Method: 4,625 consultations carried out on 616 patients in the southeast of Spain from 2006 to 2012. All of the patients were over 25 years of age and suffered from overweight or obesity. The consultations were carried out every fortnight, using the Mediterranean or low-calorie diet. The patients were divided into four groups according to their %WL and %FL. Results: most of the sample consisted of: women; participants between 25-45 years of age; attended consultations for over a month and a half; obese. 80% of the patients obtained a %FL ≥ 5% (15.5 ± 12.8). The groups with a higher %FL obtained significant differences in weight loss (22.6 vs 11.2%, p = 0.000). The multinomial analysis shows significant differences between the groups with the highest %FL and the lowest %WL and %FL: sex (p = 0.006 vs p = 0.005), BMI (p = 0.010 vs p = 0.003) and attendance (p = 0.000 vs p = 0.000). Conclusion: the patients who lost < 5% of fat had higher initial parameters (percentage of weight and fat); most of the sample lost ≥ 5% of fat. This means that the method of personalised dietary treatment results in a high fat loss; fat is an indicator of the quality loss obtained. Recommendations: use the measurement of fat as a complementary unit of measurement to weight loss; establish a limit of 5% to evaluate such loss; and increase this type of research in any method of weight loss.