368 resultados para medicina preventiva


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Vacunas.org (http://www.vacunas.org), a website founded by the Spanish Association of Vaccinology offers a personalized service called Ask the Expert, which answers any questions posed by the public or health professionals about vaccines and vaccination. The aim of this study was to analyze the factors associated with questions on vaccination safety and determine the characteristics of questioners and the type of question asked during the period 2008–2010. A total of 1341 questions were finally included in the analysis. Of those, 30% were related to vaccine safety. Questions about pregnant women had 5.01 higher odds of asking about safety (95% CI 2.82–8.93) than people not belonging to any risk group. Older questioners (>50 years) were less likely to ask about vaccine safety compared to younger questioners (OR: 0.44, 95% CI 0.25–0.76). Questions made after vaccination or related to influenza (including H1N1) or travel vaccines were also associated with a higher likelihood of asking about vaccine safety. These results identify risk groups (pregnant women), population groups (older people) and some vaccines (travel and influenza vaccines, including H1N1) where greater efforts to provide improved, more-tailored vaccine information in general and on the Internet are required.

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Tras la inicial propagación del método jenneriano por Inglaterra y el resto del continente europeo, se mostró un gran interés por difundirlo hacia Oriente y América. En el caso de España, los focos epidémicos que estaban ocurriendo en los territorios de ultramar movieron a las autoridades de los distintos virreinatos a solicitar a la Corona que enviara cuanto antes el nuevo remedio. La monarquía borbónica, que había introducido las expediciones científicas como elemento de progreso y dominio, aprobó el proyecto conocido como “Real Expedición Filantrópica de la Vacuna”, que partió hacia América al mando de Balmis en 1803. Relatamos una propuesta inédita anterior a esa, en la que un desconocido cirujano, Rafael de Malaguilla, se ofreció para llevar a cabo una iniciativa similar.

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El período de más incidencia de la poliomielitis en España corresponde a los años de 1950 a 1963. La vacuna inactivada antipolio de Salk estuvo disponible a partir de 1955 y varios países la adoptaron para combatir la enfermedad. La actitud de las autoridades sanitarias españolas para abordar el problema fue tibia e ineficaz, sin dar una respuesta decidida para implementar la vacuna de modo sistemático. Hemos realizado un estudio de caso explorando las noticias sobre polio recogidas en dos semanarios de la provincia de Guadalajara durante el decenio de 1958–1967. Los resultados revelan una acumulación de informaciones sesgada y contradictoria, que refleja la incapacidad para tomar decisiones. Desde la negación de la enfermedad y las dudas sobre la vacuna Salk en el primer período, se pasa a la exaltación de la vacuna oral de Sabin, cuando ésta mostró su evidencia tras aplicarla en la campaña de 1963–1964, y que las autoridades se atribuyeron este éxito tardío con una fuerte propaganda mediática.

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Materials docents en valencià per a l'assignatura Introducció a les Ciències de la Salut

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Las desigualdades de género están presentes en la familia, el trabajo, los salarios, los recursos económicos, el uso del tiempo y el poder, de manera que las mujeres tienen una peor situación. La desigual distribución del poder se refleja también en las instituciones y las estructuras relacionadas con la ciencia, y a su vez se plasma en la producción científica. En este editorial se contextualiza y presenta una iniciativa promovida por el equipo editorial de Gaceta Sanitaria para responder a estas desigualdades a través de la nueva «Política de Gaceta Sanitaria para fomentar la igualdad de género en la publicación científica».

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El año 2014 ha destacado por dos aspectos importantes: ha sido el primer año en que la revista ha sido totalmente on-line y ha sido el año en que las/los autoras/es han empezado a asumir los gastos de producción de algunos manuscritos con un copago. Estas y otras actividades que hemos desarrollado se resumen en esta nota editorial, siguiendo las recomendaciones del Comité Internacional de Editores de Revistas Biomédicas.

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In short, what Elisa Chilet has found in her recent thesis dissertation entitled 'Gender bias in clinical research, pharmaceutical marketing and the prescription of drugs', a review of which is published in this issue of the journal, is a significant amount of gender bias.

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The aim of this commentary is to set out a priority research agenda which will make more systematic the evidence base about why investing in a range of 'public health assets' is important for population health. It will rehearse in brief some of the issues that have been raised over the past few years as experience has grown about how to apply the idea to public health practice.

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La Comisión Europea apoya, por varias vías, incorporar la perspectiva de género, ahora en el nuevo programa Horizonte 2020, pero también financiando proyectos como gendered innovations, que muestran cómo las innovaciones de género aportan calidad en investigación y en prácticas profesionales para la salud y el bienestar. Uno de sus instrumentos políticos es la Recomendación sobre Género, Ciencia e Innovación, a desarrollar en los Estados miembros. En este contexto se crea la red internacional de Género, Ciencia, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente (COST genderSTE), que pretende: 1) cambios estructurales de las instituciones, que promocionen a las investigadoras; 2) identificación de las dimensiones de género relevantes para el medio ambiente; y 3) promocionar una mejor integración de la perspectiva de género en investigación y tecnología. COST GenderSTE apoya la creación de redes y la difusión del conocimiento con perspectiva de género. Todas estas herramientas ofrecen la oportunidad de incorporar la perspectiva de género en investigación en Europa.

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Background: The immigrant population living in Spain grew exponentially in the early 2000s but has been particularly affected by the economic crisis. This study aims to analyse health inequalities between immigrants born in middle- or low-income countries and natives in Spain, in 2006 and 2012, taking into account gender, year of arrival and socioeconomic exposures. Methods: Study of trends using two cross-sections, the 2006 and 2012 editions of the Spanish National Health Survey, including residents in Spain aged 15–64 years (20 810 natives and 2950 immigrants in 2006, 14 291 natives and 2448 immigrants in 2012). Fair/poor self-rated health, poor mental health (GHQ-12 > 2), chronic activity limitation and use of psychotropic drugs were compared between natives and immigrants who arrived in Spain before 2006, adjusting robust Poisson regression models for age and socioeconomic variables to obtain prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: Inequalities in poor self-rated health between immigrants and natives tend to increase among women (age-adjusted PR2006 = 1.39; 95% CI: 1.24–1.56, PR2012 = 1.56; 95% CI: 1.33–1.82). Among men, there is a new onset of inequalities in poor mental health (PR2006 = 1.10; 95% CI: 0.86–1.40, PR2012 = 1.34; 95% CI: 1.06–1.69) and an equalization of the previously lower use of psychotropic drugs (PR2006 = 0.22; 95% CI: 0.11–0.43, PR2012 = 1.20; 95% CI: 0.73–2.01). Conclusions: Between 2006 and 2012, immigrants who arrived in Spain before 2006 appeared to worsen their health status when compared with natives. The loss of the healthy immigrant effect in the context of a worse impact of the economic crisis on immigrants appears as potential explanation. Employment, social protection and re-universalization of healthcare would prevent further deterioration of immigrants’ health status.

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Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is a complex worldwide public health problem. There is scarce research on the independent effect on IPV exerted by structural factors such as labour and economic policies, economic inequalities and gender inequality. Objective: To analyse the association, in Spain, between contextual variables of regional unemployment and income inequality and individual women’s likelihood of IPV, independently of the women’s characteristics. Method: We conducted multilevel logistic regression to analyse cross-sectional data from the 2011 Spanish Macrosurvey of Gender-based Violence which included 7898 adult women. The first level of analyses was the individual women’ characteristics and the second level was the region of residence. Results: Of the survey participants, 12.2% reported lifetime IPV. The region of residence accounted for 3.5% of the total variability in IPV prevalence. We determined a direct association between regional male long-term unemployment and IPV likelihood (P = 0.007) and between the Gini Index for the regional income inequality and IPV likelihood (P < 0.001). Women residing in a region with higher gender-based income discrimination are at a lower likelihood of IPV than those residing in a region with low gender-based income discrimination (odds ratio = 0.64, 95% confidence intervals: 0.55–0.75). Conclusions: Growing regional unemployment rates and income inequalities increase women’s likelihood of IPV. In times of economic downturn, like the current one in Spain, this association may translate into an increase in women’s vulnerability to IPV.

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El pueblo romaní o gitano constituye la principal minoría étnica en España. Presente en el país desde hace más de 500 años, las estimaciones disponibles señalan que su población oscila entre 700.000 y 970.000 personas, lo cual supone entre el 1,5% y el 2,1% de la población total. Según diferentes informes publicados sobre sus condiciones de vida, el pueblo gitano sufre mayores niveles de exclusión social que el resto de la población.

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We study the probability of perceived racism/other forms of discrimination on immigrant and Spanish populations within different public spheres and show their effect on the health of immigrants using a cross-sectional design (ENS-06). Variables: perceived racism/other forms of discrimination (exposure), socio-demographic (explicative), health indicators (dependent). Frequencies, prevalences, and bivariate/multivariate analysis were conducted separately for men (M) and women (W). We estimated the health problems attributable to racism through the population attributable proportion (PAP). Immigrants perceived more racism than Spaniards in workplace (ORM = 48.1; 95 % CI 28.2–82.2), and receiving health care (ORW = 48.3; 95 % CI 24.7–94.4). Racism and other forms of discrimination were associated with poor mental health (ORM = 5.6; 95 % CI 3.9–8.2; ORW = 7.3; 95 % CI 4.1–13.0) and injury (ORW = 30.6; 95 % CI 13.6–68.7). It is attributed to perceived racism the 80.1 % of consumption of psychotropics (M), and to racism with other forms of discrimination the 52.3 % of cases of injury (W). Racism plays a role as a health determinant.