Determining Spatial Distribution and Physical Properties of the Vashon Advance Outwash near Mountlake Terrace, Washington

This study is aimed at determining the spatial distribution, physical properties, and groundwater conditions of the Vashon advance outwash (Qva) in the Mountlake Terrace, WA area. The Qva is correlative with the Esperance Sand, as defined at its type section; however, local variations in the Qva are not well-characterized (Mullineaux, 1965). While the Qva is a dense glacial unit with low compressibility and high frictional shear strength (Gurtowski and Boirum, 1989), the strength of this unit can be reduced when it becomes saturated (Tubbs, 1974). This can lead to caving or flowing in excavations, and on a larger scale, can lead to slope failures and mass-wasting when intersected by steep slopes. By studying the Qva, we can better predict how it will behave under certain conditions, which will be beneficial to geologists, hydrogeologists, engineers, and environmental scientists during site assessments and early phases of project planning. In this study, I use data from 27 geotechnical borings from previous field investigations and C-Tech Corporation’s EnterVol software to create three-dimensional models of the subsurface geology in the study area. These models made it possible to visualize the spatial distribution of the Qva in relation to other geologic units. I also conducted a comparative study between data from the borings and generalized published data on the spatial distribution, relative density, soil classification, grain-size distribution, moisture content, groundwater conditions, and aquifer properties of the Qva. I found that the elevation of the top of the Qva ranges from 247 to 477 ft. I found that the Qva is thickest where the modern topography is high, and is thinnest where the topography is low. The thickness of the Qva ranges from absent to 242 ft. Along the northern, east-west trending transect, the Qva thins to the east as it rises above a ridge composed of Pre- Vashon glacial deposits. Along the southern, east-west trending transect, the Qva pinches out against a ridge composed of pre-Vashon interglacial deposits. Two plausible explanations for this ridge are paleotopography and active faulting associated with the Southern Whidbey Fault Zone. Further investigations should be done using geophysical methods and the modeling methods described in this study to determine the nature of this ridge. The relative density of the Qva in the study area ranges from loose to very dense, with the loose end of the spectrum probably relating to heave in saturated sands. I found subtle correlations between density and depth. Volumetric analysis of the soil groups listed in the boring logs indicate that the Qva in the study area is composed of approximately 9.5% gravel, 89.3% sand, and 1.2% silt and clay. The natural moisture content ranges from 3.0 to 35.4% in select samples from the Qva. The moisture content appears to increase with depth and fines content. The water table in the study area ranges in elevation from 231.9 to 458 ft, based on observations and measurements recorded in the boring logs. The results from rising-head and falling-head slug tests done at a single well in the study area indicate that the geometric mean of hydraulic conductivity is 15.93 ft/d (5.62 x 10-03 cm/s), the storativity is 3.28x10-03, and the estimated transmissivity is 738.58 ft2/d in the vicinity of this observation well. At this location, there was 1.73 ft of seasonal variation in groundwater elevation between August 2014 and March 2015.

Computing Hydraulic Conductivity from Borehole Infiltration Tests and Grain-Size Distribution in Advance Glacial Outwash Deposits, Puget Lowland, Washington

This study evaluates two methods for estimating a soilís hydraulic conductivity: in-situ infiltration tests and grain-size analyses. There are numerous formulas in the literature that relate hydraulic conductivity to various parameters of the infiltrating medium, but studies have shown that these formulas do not perform well when applied to depositional environments that differ from those used to derive the formulas. Thus, there exists a need to specialize infiltration tests and related grain-size analyses for the Vashon advance outwash in the Puget Lowland. I evaluated 134 infiltration tests and 119 soil samples to find a correlation between grain-size parameters and hydraulic conductivity. This work shows that a constant-head borehole infiltration test that accounts for capillarity with alpha approximately 5m^-1 is an effective method for calculating hydraulic conductivity from our flow tests. Then, by conducting grain-size analysis and applying a multiple linear regression, I show that the hydraulic conductivity can also be estimated by log(K) = 1.906 + 0.102D_10 + 0.039D_60 - 0.034D_90 - 7.952F_fines. This result predicts the infiltration rate with a 95% confidence interval of 20 ft/day. The results of study are for application in the Puget Lowland.