Causes of variability in light absorption by particles in snow at sites in Idaho and Utah.

This file accompanies “NAmer2014SnowBC_Dohertyetal_v1.xlsx”, which contains data on black carbon (BC) and other light-absorbing particles in snow in Utah and Idaho, for samples collected January-March 2014 in Jan/Feb 2013 and 2014 in Utah. Data are available as an Excel file with headers, or as a comma-separated data file, with no headers. There is one entry per layer of snow sampled. All entries (other than column titles in the .xlsx) are numeric. Detailed information on our measurements can be found in a series of publications, as given below.  Description of the instrument and method used to make the measurements: Grenfell, T. C., S. J. Doherty, A. D. Clarke, and S. G. Warren, Spectrophotometric determination of absorptive impurities in snow, Appl. Opt., 50(14), pp.2037-2048, 2011.  Summary and discussion of dataset “NAmer2014SnowBC_Dohertyetal.xlsx”, including maps of sample locations: Doherty, S. J., D. A. Hegg, P. K. Quinn, J. E. Johnson, J. P. Schwarz, C. Dang and S. G. Warren, Causes of variability in light absorption by particles in snow at sites in Idaho and Utah, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 121, doi:10.1002/2015JD024375, 2016. Note that the measurement and analysis techniques used to produce these data were also used in a broad Arctic survey (2006-2010) of BC and other light-absorbing particles snow, as reported here: Doherty, S. J., S. G. Warren, T. C. Grenfell, A. D. Clarke, and R. E. Brandt: Light-absorbing impurities in Arctic snow, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11647-11680, doi:10.5194/acp-10-11647-2010, 2010. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/11647/2010/acp-10-11647-2010.html

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“Albedo dome”: a method for measuring spectral flux-reflectance in a laboratory for media with long optical paths

A method is presented for accurate measurement of spectral flux-reflectance (albedo) in a laboratory, for media with long optical path lengths, such as snow and ice. The approach uses an acrylic hemispheric dome, which, when placed over the surface being studied, serves two functions: (i) it creates an overcast “sky” to illuminate the target surface from all directions within a hemisphere, and (ii) serves as a platform for measuring incident and backscattered spectral radiances, which can be integrated to obtain fluxes. The fluxes are relative measurements and because their ratio is used to determine flux-reflectance, no absolute radiometric calibrations are required. The dome and surface must meet minimum size requirements based on the scattering properties of the surface. This technique is suited for media with long photon path lengths since the backscattered illumination is collected over a large enough area to include photons that reemerge from the domain far from their point of entry because of multiple scattering and small absorption. Comparison between field and laboratory albedo of a portable test surface demonstrates the viability of this method.