Mesostigmatid mites (Acari : Mesostigmata) on rainforest tree trunks: Arboreal specialists, but substrate generalists?

Predatory mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) on tree trunks without significant epiphytic growth in a subtropical rainforest in Eastern Australia were assessed for habitat specificity (i.e. whether they are tree trunk specialists or occupying other habitats) and the influence of host tree and bark structure on their abundance, species richness and species composition. The trunks of nine tree species from eight plant families representing smooth, intermediate and rough bark textures were sampled using a knockdown insecticide spray. In total, 12 species or morphospecies of Mesostigmata (excluding Uropodina sensu stricto) were collected, most of which are undescribed. Comparison with collections from other habitats indicates that epicorticolous Mesostigmata are mainly represented by suspended soil dwellers (six species), secondarily by generalists (four species) and a bark specialist (one species). A typical ground-dwelling species was also found but was represented only by a single individual. In terms of abundance, 50.5% of individuals were suspended soil dwellers, 40.7% bark specialists, and 8.3% generalists. Host species and bark roughness had no significant effect on abundance or species richness. Furthermore, there was no clear effect on species composition. The distribution of the most frequently encountered species suggests that most mesostigmatid mites living on bark use many or most rainforest tree species, independent of bark roughness. These findings support the hypothesis that some epicorticolous Mesostigmata use tree trunks as 'highways' for dispersing between habitat patches, while others use it as a permanent habitat.

A review of placoderm scales, and their significance in placoderm phylogeny

An historical review of the literature relating to placoderm scales preserved in association with articulated dermal plates, or as isolated units in microvertebrate assemblages, is followed by a discussion of their relevance in phylogenetic analyses of the Placodermi. The dentinous tissue forming the tubercles of Early Devonian acanthothoracid scales and dermal bone is similar to that of the dermal bone ornament of some osteostracans, and denticles of the vertebrate Skiichthys from the Ordovician Harding Sandstone. This similarity supports the proposition that the gnathostomes are the sister-group of the Osteostraci, with the Placodermi branching earliest within the gnathostomes, and the Acanthothoraci branching earliest within the Placodermi. The meso-semidentine in acanthothoracid tubercles, rather than semidentine (sensu stricto), is most likely to be synapomorphic for the Placodermi.