Nucleation regime map for liquid bound granules

Nucleation is the first step in granulation where the powder and liquid first contact. Two types of nucleation in wet granulation processes are proposed. Drop controlled nucleation, where one drop forms one nucleus, occurs when drops hitting the powder surface do not overlap (low spray flux Psi(a)) and the drop must wet quickly into the bed (short drop penetration time t(p)). If either criterion is not met, powder mixing characteristics will dominate (mechanical dispersion regime). Granulation experiments were performed with lactose powder, water, PEG200, and 7% HPC solution in a 6 L and a 25 L mixer granulator. Size distributions were measured as the drop penetration time and spray flux were varied. At short penetration times, decreasing Psi(a) caused the nuclei distribution to become narrower. When drop penetration time was high, the nuclei size distribution was broad independent of changes in dimensionless spray flux. Nucleation regime maps were plotted for each set of experiments in each mixer as a function of the dimensionless distribution width delta. The nucleation regime map demonstrates the interaction between drop penetration time and spray flux in nucleation. The narrowest distribution consistently occurred at low spray flux and low penetration time, proving the existence of the drop controlled regime. The nucleation regime map provides a rational basis for design and scale-up of nucleation and wetting in wet granulation.

The crystal structures of Klebsiella pneumoniae acetolactate synthase with enzyme-bound cofactor and with an unusual intermediate

Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) and acetolactate synthase (ALS) are thiamine diphosphate (ThDP)-dependent enzymes that catalyze the decarboxylation of pyruvate to give a cofactor-bound hydroxyethyl group, which is transferred to a second molecule of pyruvate to give 2-acetolactate. AHAS is found in plants, fungi, and bacteria, is involved in the biosynthesis of the branched-chain amino acids, and contains non-catalytic FAD. ALS is found only in some bacteria, is a catabolic enzyme required for the butanediol fermentation, and does not contain FAD. Here we report the 2.3-Angstrom crystal structure of Klebsiella pneumoniae ALS. The overall structure is similar to AHAS except for a groove that accommodates FAD in AHAS, which is filled with amino acid side chains in ALS. The ThDP cofactor has an unusual conformation that is unprecedented among the 26 known three-dimensional structures of nine ThDP-dependent enzymes, including AHAS. This conformation suggests a novel mechanism for ALS. A second structure, at 2.0 Angstrom, is described in which the enzyme is trapped halfway through the catalytic cycle so that it contains the hydroxyethyl intermediate bound to ThDP. The cofactor has a tricyclic structure that has not been observed previously in any ThDP-dependent enzyme, although similar structures are well known for free thiamine. This structure is consistent with our proposed mechanism and probably results from an intramolecular proton transfer within a tricyclic carbanion that is the true reaction intermediate. Modeling of the second molecule of pyruvate into the active site of the enzyme with the bound intermediate is consistent with the stereochemistry and specificity of ALS.

Converged quantum calculations of HO2 bound states and resonances for J=6 and 10

Bound and resonance states of HO2 are calculated quantum mechanically using both the Lanczos homogeneous filter diagonalization method and the real Chebyshev filter diagonalization method for nonzero total angular momentum J=6 and 10, using a parallel computing strategy. For bound states, agreement between the two methods is quite satisfactory; for resonances, while the energies are in good agreement, the widths are in general agreement. The quantum nonzero-J specific unimolecular dissociation rates for HO2 are also calculated. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics.

Iterative quantum computations of HO2 bound states and resonances for J=4 and 5

Bound and resonance states of HO2 have been calculated by both the complex Lanczos homogeneous filter diagonalisation (LHFD) method(1,2) and the real Chebyshev filter diagonalisation method(3,4) for non-zero total angular momentum J = 4 and 5. For bound states, the agreement between the two methods is quite satisfactory; for resonances while the energies are in good agreement, the widths are only in general agreement. The relative performances of the two iterative FD methods have also been discussed in terms of efficiency as well as convergence behaviour for such a computationally challenging problem. A helicity quantum number Ohm assignment (within the helicity conserving approximation) is performed and the results indicate that Coriolis coupling becomes more important as J increases and the helicity conserving approximation is not a good one for the HO2 resonance states.

Coherent molecular bound states of bosons and fermions near a Feshback resonance

We analyze molecular bound states of atomic quantum gases near a Feshbach resonance. A simple, renormalizable field theoretic model is shown to have exact solutions in the two-body sector, whose binding energy agrees well with observed experimental results in both Bosonic and Fermionic cases. These solutions, which interpolate between BEC and BCS theories, also provide a more general variational ansatz for resonant superfluidity and related problems.

Unimolecular Rovibrational Bound and Resonance States for Large Angular Momentum: J=20 Calculations for HO2

We explore the calculation of unimolecular bound states and resonances for deep-well species at large angular momentum using a Chebychev filter diagonalization scheme incorporating doubling of the autocorrelation function as presented recently by Neumaier and Mandelshtam [Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 5031 (2001)]. The method has been employed to compute the challenging J=20 bound and resonance states for the HO2 system. The methodology has firstly been tested for J=2 in comparison with previous calculations, and then extended to J=20 using a parallel computing strategy. The quantum J-specific unimolecular dissociation rates for HO2-> H+O-2 in the energy range from 2.114 to 2.596 eV have been reported for the first time, and comparisons with the results of Troe and co-workers [J. Chem. Phys. 113, 11019 (2000) Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2, 631 (2000)] from statistical adiabatic channel method/classical trajectory calculations have been made. For most of the energies, the reported statistical adiabatic channel method/classical trajectory rate constants agree well with the average of the fluctuating quantum-mechanical rates. Near the dissociation threshold, quantum rates fluctuate more severely, but their average is still in agreement with the statistical adiabatic channel method/classical trajectory results.

Spatial and ontogenetic variation in growth of nursery-bound juvenile lemon sharks, Negaprion brevirostris: a comparison of two age-assigning techniques

We compared growth rates of the lemon shark, Negaprion brevirostris, from Bimini, Bahamas and the Marquesas Keys (MK), Florida using data obtained in a multi-year annual census. We marked new neonate and juvenile sharks with unique electronic identity tags in Bimini and in the MK we tagged neonate and juvenile sharks. Sharks were tagged with tiny, subcutaneous transponders, a type of tagging thought to cause little, if any disruption to normal growth patterns when compared to conventional external tagging. Within the first 2 years of this project, no age data were recorded for sharks caught for the first time in Bimini. Therefore, we applied and tested two methods of age analysis: ( 1) a modified 'minimum convex polygon' method and ( 2) a new age-assigning method, the 'cut-off technique'. The cut-off technique proved to be the more suitable one, enabling us to identify the age of 134 of the 642 previously unknown aged sharks. This maximised the usable growth data included in our analysis. Annual absolute growth rates of juvenile, nursery-bound lemon sharks were almost constant for the two Bimini nurseries and can be best described by a simple linear model ( growth data was only available for age-0 sharks in the MK). Annual absolute growth for age-0 sharks was much greater in the MK than in either the North Sound (NS) and Shark Land (SL) at Bimini. Growth of SL sharks was significantly faster during the first 2 years of life than of the sharks in the NS population. However, in MK, only growth in the first year was considered to be reliably estimated due to low recapture rates. Analyses indicated no significant differences in growth rates between males and females for any area.

Effect of free ammonia and free nitrous acid concentration on the anabolic and catabolic processes of an enriched Nitrosomonas culture

The effects of free ammonia (FA; NH3) and free nitrous acid (FNA; HNO2) concentrations on the metabolisms of an enriched ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) culture were investigated using a method allowing the decoupling of growth and energy generation processes. A lab-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was operated for the enrichment of an AOB culture. Fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) analysis showed that 82% of the bacterial population in the SBR bound to the NEU probe specifically designed for Nitrosomonas europaea. Batch tests were carried out to measure the oxygen and ammonium consumption rates by the culture at various FA and FNA levels, in the presence or absence of inorganic carbon (CO2, HCO3, and CO32-). It was revealed that FA of up to 16.0 mgNH(3)-N (.) L-1, which was the highest concentration used in this study, did not have any inhibitory effect on either the catabolic or anabolic processes of the Nitrosomonas culture. In contrast, FNA inhibited both the growth and energy production capabilities of the Nitrosomonas culture. The inhibition on growth initiated at approximately 0.10 mgHNO(2)-(NL-1)-L-., and the data suggested that the biosynthesis was completely stopped at an FNA concentration of 0.40 mgHNO(2)-N (.) L-1. The inhibition on energy generation initiated at a slightly lower level but the Nitrosomonas culture was still oxidizing ammonia at half of the maximum rate at an FNA concentration of 0.50-0.63 mgHNO(2)-N (.) L-1. The affinity constant of the Nitrosomonas culture with respect to ammonia was determined to be 0.36 mgNH3-N (.) L-1, independent of the presence or absence of inorganic carbon. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Identification of membrane-bound and secreted proteins from Echinococcus granulosus by signal sequence trap

The signal sequence trap technique was applied to identify genes coding for secreted and membrane bound proteins from Echinococcus granulosus, the etiologic agent of cystic hydatid disease. An E. granulosus protoscolex cDNA library was constructed in the AP-PST vector such that randomly primed cDNAs were fused with a placental alkaline phosphatase reporter gene lacking its endogenous signal peptide. E. granulosus cDNAs encoding a functional signal peptide were selected by their ability to rescue secretion of alkaline phosphatase by COS-7 cells that had been transfected with the cDNA library. Eighteen positive clones were identified and sequenced. Their deduced amino acid sequences showed significant similarity with amino acid transporters, Krebs cycle intermediates transporters, presenilins and vacuolar protein sorter proteins. Other cDNAs encoded secreted proteins without homologues. Three sequences were transcribed antisense to E. granulosus expressed sequence tags. All the mRNAs were expressed in protoscoleces and adult worms, but some of them were not found in oncospheres. The putative E. granulosus secreted and membrane bound proteins identified are likely to play important roles in the metabolism, development and survival in the host and represent potential targets for diagnosis, drugs and vaccines against E. granulosus. (c) 2005 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

TCR{alpha} Genes Direct MHC Restriction in the Potent Human T Cell Response to a Class I-Bound Viral Epitope

The underlying generic properties of {alpha}β TCRs that control MHC restriction remain largely unresolved. To investigate MHC restriction, we have examined the CTL response to a viral epitope that binds promiscuously to two human leukocyte Ags (HLAs) that differ by a single amino acid at position 156. Individuals expressing either HLA-B*3501 (156Leucine) or HLA-B*3508 (156Arginine) showed a potent CTL response to the 407HPVGEADYFEY417 epitope from EBV. Interestingly, the response was characterized by highly restricted TCR β-chain usage in both HLA-B*3501+ and HLA-B*3508+ individuals; however, this conserved TRBV9+ β-chain was associated with distinct TCR {alpha}-chains depending upon the HLA-B*35 allele expressed by the virus-exposed host. Functional assays confirmed that TCR {alpha}-chain usage determined the HLA restriction of the CTLs. Structural studies revealed significant differences in the mobility of the peptide when bound to HLA-B*3501 or HLA-B*3508. In HLA-B*3501, the bulged section of the peptide was disordered, whereas in HLA-B*3508 the bulged epitope adopted an ordered conformation. Collectively, these data demonstrate not only that mobile MHC-bound peptides can be highly immunogenic but can also stimulate an extremely biased TCR repertoire. In addition, TCR {alpha}-chain usage is shown to play a critical role in controlling MHC restriction between closely related allomorphs.

Determination of the orientational distribution and orientation factor for transfer between membrane-bound fluorophores using a confocal microscope

Orientational fluorophores have been a useful tool in physical chemistry, biochemistry, and more recently structural biology due to the polarized nature of the light they emit and that fact that energy can be transferred between them. We present a practical scheme in which measurements of the intensity of emitted fluorescence can be used to determine limits on the mean and distribution of orientation of the absorption transition moment of membrane-bound. uorophores. We demonstrate how information about the orientation of. uorophores can be used to calculate the orientation factor k(2) required for use in FRET spectroscopy. We illustrate the method using images of AlexaFluor probes bound to MscL mechanosensitive transmembrane channel proteins in spherical liposomes.