A cognitive model of binge drinking: The influence of alcohol expectancies and drinking refusal self-efficacy

While binge drinking-episodic or irregular consumption of excessive amounts of alcohol-is recognised as a serious problem affecting our youth, to date there has been a lack of psychological theory and thus theoretically driven research into this problem. The current paper develops a cognitive model using the key constructs of alcohol expectancies (AEs) and drinking refusal self-efficacy (DRSE) to explain the acquisition and maintenance of binge drinking. It is suggested that the four combinations of the AE and DRSE can explain the four drinking styles. These are normal/social drinkers, binge drinkers, regular heavy drinkers, and problem drinkers or alcoholics. Since AE and DRSE are cognitive constructs and therefore modifiable, the cognitive model can thus facilitate the design of intervention and-prevention strategies for binge drinking. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A self-similar array model of single-walled carbon nanotubes

To describe single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) arrays, we propose a self-similar array model. For isolated SWNT bundles, the self-similar array model is consistent with the classical triangular array model; for SWNT bundle arrays, it can present hierarchy structures and specify different array configurations. Based on this self-similar array model, we calculated the energetics of SWNT arrays, investigated the driving force for the formation of macroscopic SWNT arrays, and briefly discussed the hierarchy structures in real macroscopic SWNT arrays. (c) 2005 American Institute of Physics.