Gene duplication and hierarchical modularity in intracellular interaction networks

Networks of interactions evolve in many different domains. They tend to have topological characteristics in common, possibly due to common factors in the way the networks grow and develop. It has been recently suggested that one such common characteristic is the presence of a hierarchically modular organization. In this paper, we describe a new algorithm for the detection and quantification of hierarchical modularity, and demonstrate that the yeast protein-protein interaction network does have a hierarchically modular organization. We further show that such organization is evident in artificial networks produced by computational evolution using a gene duplication operator, but not in those developing via preferential attachment of new nodes to highly connected existing nodes. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.