Glass transition and enthalpy relaxation of amorphous food saccharides: A review

Many food materials exist in a disordered amorphous solid state due to processing. Therefore, understanding the concept of amorphous state, its important phase transition (i.e., glass transition), and the related phenomena (e.g., enthalpy relaxation) is important to food scientists. Food saccharides, including mono-, di-, oligo-, and polysaccharides, are among the most important major components in food. Focusing on the food saccharides, this review covers important topics related to amorphous solids, including the concept and molecular arrangement of amorphous solid, the formation of amorphous food saccharides, the concept of glass transition and enthalpy relaxation, physical property changes and molecular mobility around the glass transition, measurement of the glass transition and enthalpy relaxation, their mathematical descriptions and models, and influences on food stability.

Glass transition behaviour of fructose

The glass transition temperature and the second transition (the endothermic change between the glass transition and melting temperatures) of fructose were studied. The thermal history strongly affected both transitions of fructose. Storage for 10 days at 22degreesC increased the dynamic glass transition temperature from 16 to 25degreesC and decreased the second transition of fructose from 110 to 98degreesC in the first differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) scan. The amplitude of the second transition increased slightly with storage time and reached 260% of the first transition for vacuum oven dried samples. The effect of thermal history on the glass transition temperature of fructose can be removed by scanning the sample in a DSC to 130degreesC. The effects of water content, glucose and sucrose on the two transitions were also investigated.

Quantifying the effect of stress relaxation on excavation

Stress relaxation is relevant to the design of both civil and mining excavations. While many authors refer to the adverse effect of stress relaxation on excavation stability, some present compelling empirical evidence indicating that stress relaxation does not have a significant effect. Establishing clear definitions of stress relaxation was critical to understanding and quantifying stress relaxation of the various types that have been referred to in the literature. This paper defines three types of stress relaxation – partial relaxation, full relaxation and tangential relaxation. Once clear definitions were determined, it became clear that the theoretical arguments and empirical evidence presented by various authors to support their respective cases are not contradictory; rather, the different conclusions can be attributed to different types of stress relaxation. In particular, when the minor principal stress is negative the intermediate principal stress has been identified as significantly affecting jointed rock mass behaviour. The aim of the study was to review and evaluate existing methods of quantifying the effect of stress relaxation around underground excavations and, if necessary, propose a new set of recommendations. An empirical stope stability model, that has been termed the Extended Mathews stability chart, was considered to be the most appropriate method of quantifying the effects of stress relaxation. A new set of guidelines to account for the effect of stress relaxation on excavation stability in the Extended Mathews stability chart has been proposed from a back-analysis of 55 case histories of stress relaxation.

A diffusion and T2 relaxation MRI study of the ovine lumbar intervertebral disc under compression in vitro

The ovine lumbar intervertebral disc is a useful model for the human lumbar disc. We present preliminary estimates of diffusion coefficients and T-2 relaxation times in a pilot MRI study of the ovine lumbar intervertebral disc during uniaxial compression in vitro, and identify factors that hamper the ability to accurately monitor the temporal evolution of the effective diffusion tensor at high spatial resolution.

Evidence for energy relaxation via a radiative cascade in surface-passivated PbS quantum dots

Multiple emission peaks have been observed from surface passivated PbS nanocrystals displaying strong quantum confinement. The emission spectra are shown to be strongly dependent on the excited-state parity. We also find that intraband energy relaxation from initial states excited far above the band-edge is nearly three orders of magnitude slower than that found in other nanocrystal quantum dots, providing evidence of inefficient energy relaxation via phonon emission. The initial-state parity dependence of the photoluminescent emission properties suggests that energy relaxation from the higher excited states occurs via a radiative cascade, analogous to energy relaxation in atomic systems. Such radiative cascade emission is possible from ideal zero-dimensional semiconductors, where electronic transitions can be decoupled from phonon modes.

Radiative relaxation in synthetic pheomelanin

We report a detailed photoluminescence study of cysteinyldopa-melanin ( CDM), the synthetic analogue of pheomelanin. Emission spectra are shown to be a far more sensitive probe of CDM's spectroscopic behavior than are absorption spectra. Although CDM and dopa-melanin ( DM, the synthetic analogue of eumelanin) have very similar absorption spectra, we find that they have very different excitation and emission characteristics; CDM has two distinct photoluminescence peaks that do not shift with excitation wavelength. Additionally, our data suggest that the radiative quantum yield of CDM is excitation energy dependent, an unusual property among biomolecules that is indicative of a chemically disordered system. Finally, we find that the radiative quantum yield for CDM is similar to 0.2%, twice that of DM, although still extremely low. This means that 99.8% of the energy absorbed by CDM is dissipated via nonradiative pathways, consistent with its role as a pigmentary photoprotectant.

A new relaxation method for roll forming problems

Finite element analysis (FEA) of nonlinear problems in solid mechanics is a time consuming process, but it can deal rigorously with the problems of both geometric, contact and material nonlinearity that occur in roll forming. The simulation time limits the application of nonlinear FEA to these problems in industrial practice, so that most applications of nonlinear FEA are in theoretical studies and engineering consulting or troubleshooting. Instead, quick methods based on a global assumption of the deformed shape have been used by the roll-forming industry. These approaches are of limited accuracy. This paper proposes a new form-finding method - a relaxation method to solve the nonlinear problem of predicting the deformed shape due to plastic deformation in roll forming. This method involves applying a small perturbation to each discrete node in order to update the local displacement field, while minimizing plastic work. This is iteratively applied to update the positions of all nodes. As the method assumes a local displacement field, the strain and stress components at each node are calculated explicitly. Continued perturbation of nodes leads to optimisation of the displacement field. Another important feature of this paper is a new approach to consideration of strain history. For a stable and continuous process such as rolling and roll forming, the strain history of a point is represented spatially by the states at a row of nodes leading in the direction of rolling to the current one. Therefore the increment of the strain components and the work-increment of a point can be found without moving the object forward. Using this method we can find the solution for rolling or roll forming in just one step. This method is expected to be faster than commercial finite element packages by eliminating repeated solution of large sets of simultaneous equations and the need to update boundary conditions that represent the rolls.