Comparison of blast furnace raceway size with theory

A previously developed one-dimensional mathematical model, to explain raceway hysteresis, is used to predict the raceway diameter in operating blast furnaces and hot models. Raceway size obtained from the open literature under various conditions for various blast furnaces are compared with computed predictions. In addition the predictions are also compared with published outcomes from other hot models. Simulated results on raceway diameter are in very good agreement with published operating blast furnace and hot model data. The effect of various parameters such as tuyere and hearth diameter, coke size and density, void fraction and bed height on raceway diameter has been studied.

A cold model study of raceway hysteresis

The effect of a gas flow field on the size of raceway has been studied experimentally using a two-dimensional (2-D) cold model. It is observed that as the blast velocity from the tuyere increases, raceway size increases, and when the blast velocity is decreased from its highest value, raceway size does not change much until the velocity reaches a critical velocity. Below the critical velocity, raceway size decreases with decreasing velocity but is always larger than that for the same velocity when the velocity increased. This phenomenon is called raceway hysteresis. Raceway hysteresis has been studied in the presence of different gas flow rates and different particle densities. Raceway hysteresis has been observed in all the experiments. The effect of liquid flow, with various superficial velocities, on raceway hysteresis has also been studied. A study of raceway size hysteresis shows that interparticle and particle-wall friction have a very large effect on raceway size. A hypothesis has been proposed to describe the hysteresis phenomenon in the packed beds. The relevance of hysteresis to blast furnace raceways has been discussed. Existing literature correlations for raceway size ignore the frictional effects. Therefore, their applicability to the ironmaking blast furnace is questionable.

The effect of the CaO/SiO2 ratio on the phase equilibria in the ZnO-“Fe2O3”-(PbO + CaO + SiO2) system in air: CaO/SiO2 = 0.1, PbO/(CaO + SiO2) = 6.2, and CaO/SiO2 = 0.6, PbO/(CaO + SiO2) = 4.3

Experimental studies on phase equilibria in the multi-component system PbO-ZnO-CaO-SiO2-FeO-Fe2O3 in air have been conducted to characterize the phase relations of a complex slag system used in the oxidation smelting of lead and in typical lead blast furnace sinters. The liquidus in two pseudoternary sections ZnO-Fe2O3-(PbO + CaO + SiO2) with the CaO/SiO2 weight ratio of 0.1 and the PbO/(CaO + SiO2) weight ratio of 6.2, and with CaO/SiO2 weight ratio of 0.6 and the PbO/(CaO + SiO2) weight ratio of 4.3, have been constructed.

Mechanics of raceway hysteresis in a packed bed

When a gas is introduced at high velocity through a nozzle into a packed bed, it creates a raceway in the packed bed. It has been found that the raceway size is larger when it is formed by decreasing the gas velocity from its highest value than when it is formed by increasing the gas velocity. This phenomenon is known as raceway hysteresis. A hypothesis has been oroposed to explain the hysteresis phenomenon based on a force-balance approach which includes frictional, bed-weight, and pressure forces. According to this hypothesis, the frictional force acts in different directions when the raceway is expanding and contracting. In this article, the entire packed bed has been divided into radial and Cartesian co-ordinate systems, and the forces acting on the raceway have been solved analytically for a simplified one-dimensional case. Based on the force-balance approach, a general equation has been obtained to predict the diameter of the raceway for increasing And decreasing velocities. A reasonable agreement has been found between the theoretical predictions and experimental observations. The model has also been compared with published experimental and plant data. The hysteresis mechanism in the packed beds can be described reasonably by taking into consideration the direction of frictional forces for the increasing- and decreasin-velocity cases. The effects of the particleshape factor and void fraction on the raceway hysteresis are examined.

Blast fragmentation modelling for a green field open cut gold deposit

This paper outlines the methodology of blast fragmentation modeling undertaken for a green field feasibility study at the Riska gold deposit in Indonesia. The favoured milling process for the feasibility study was dump leaching,with no crushing of the ore material extracted from the pit. For this reason,blast fragmentation was a critical issue to be addressed by the study. A range of blast designs were considered with bench heights and blasthole diameters ranging from 4 m to 7 m and 76 mm to 102 mm respectively. Rock mass data was obtained from 19 diamond drill cores across the deposit (total drill length approximately 2200 m). Intact rock strength was estimated from qualitative strength descriptors,while the in situ block size distribution of the rock mass was estimated from the Rock Quality Designation (RQD) of the core.