Modelling the activated sludge flocculation process combining laser light diffraction particle sizing and population balance modelling (PBM)

A technique based on laser light diffraction is shown to be successful in collecting on-line experimental data. Time series of floc size distributions (FSD) under different shear rates (G) and calcium additions were collected. The steady state mass mean diameter decreased with increasing shear rate G and increased when calcium additions exceeded 8 mg/l. A so-called population balance model (PBM) was used to describe the experimental data, This kind of model describes both aggregation and breakage through birth and death terms. A discretised PBM was used since analytical solutions of the integro-partial differential equations are non-existing. Despite the complexity of the model, only 2 parameters need to be estimated: the aggregation rate and the breakage rate. The model seems, however, to lack flexibility. Also, the description of the floc size distribution (FSD) in time is not accurate.

Light and electron microscopic analysis of aquaporin 1-like-immunoreactive amacrine cells in the rat retina

Aquaporin 1 (AQP1; also known as CHIP, a channel-forming integral membrane protein of 28 kDa) is the first protein to be shown to function as a water channel and has been recently shown to be present in the rat retina. We previously showed (Kim et al. [1998] Neurosci Lett 244:52-54) that AQP1-like immunoreactivity is present in a certain population of amacrine cells in the rat retina. This study was conducted to characterize these cells in more detail, With immunocytochemistry using specific antisera against AQP1, whole-mount preparations and 50-mum-thick vibratome sections were examined by light and electron microscopy. These cells were a class of amacrine cells, which had symmetric bistratified dendritic trees ramified in stratum 2 and in the border of strata 3 and 4 of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). Their dendritic field diameters ranged from 90 to 230 mum. Double labeling with antisera against AQP1 and gamma-aminobutyric acid or glycine demonstrated that these AQP1-like-immunoreactive amacrine cells were immunoreactive for glycine. Their most frequent synaptic input was from other amacrine cell processes in both sublaminae a and b of the IPL, followed by a few cone bipolar cells. Their primary targets were other amacrine cells and ganglion cells in both sublaminae a and b of the IPL. In addition, synaptic output Onto bipolar cells was rarely observed in sublamina b of the IPL. Thus, the AQP1 antibody labels a class of glycinergic amacrine cells with small to medium-sized dendritic fields in the rat retina. (C) 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Photosynthetic light and temperature responses of Eucalyptus cloeziana and Eucalyptus argophloia

Acclimation of gas exchange to temperature and light was determined in 18-month-old plants of humid coastal (Gympie) and dry inland ( Hungry Hills) provenances of Eucalyptus cloeziana F. Muell., and in those of a dry inland provenance of Eucalyptus argophloia Blakely. Plants were acclimated at day/night temperatures of 18/13, 23/18, 28/23 and 33/ 28 degreesC in controlled-temperature glasshouses for 4 months. Light and temperature response curves were measured at the beginning and end of the acclimation period. There were no significant differences in the shape and quantum-yield parameters among provenances at 23, 28 and 33 degreesC day temperatures. Quantum yield [mumol CO2 mumol(- 1) photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD)] ranged from 0.04 to 0.06 and the light response shape parameter ranged from 0.53 to 0.78. Similarly, no consistent trends in the rate of dark respiration for plants of each provenance were identified at the four growth temperatures. Average values of dark respiration for the plants of the three provenances ranged from 0.61 to 1.86 mumol m(-2) s(-1). The optimum temperatures for net photosynthesis increased from 23 to 32 degreesC for the humid- and from 25 to 33 degreesC for the dry-provenance E. cloeziana and from 21 to 33 degreesC for E. argophloia as daytime temperature of the growth environment increased from 18 to 33 degreesC. These results have implications in predicting survival and productivity of E. cloeziana and E. argophloia in areas outside their natural distribution.

Differences in mouse strain influence leukocyte and immunoglobulin phenotype response to Porphyromonas gingivalis

This study examined the nature of the infiltrating cells in Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced lesions and immunoglobulins in the serum samples of BALB/c (H-2(d)), C57BL6 (H-2(b)), DBA/2J (H-2(d)) and CBA/CaH (H-2(k)) mice. Mice were immunized intraperitoneally with P. gingivalis outer membrane antigens or sham-immunized with phosphate-buffered saline followed by subcutaneous challenge with live organisms 1 week after the final immunization. The resulting skin abscesses were excised 7 days later, cryostat sections cut and an immunoperoxidase method used to detect the presence of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell subsets, CD14(+) macrophages and CD19(+) B cells. Peroxidase positive neutrophils and IgG1- and IgG2a-producing plasma cells were also identified. Anti P. gingivalis IgG1 and IgG2a subclass antibodies were determined in serum obtained by cardiac puncture. Very few CD8(+) T cells and CD19(+) B cells were found in any of the lesions. The percentages of CD4(+) cells, CD14(+) cells and neutrophils were similar in lesions of immunized BALB/c and C57BL6 mice, with a trend towards a higher percentage of CD14(+) cells in sham-immunized mice. The percentage of CD14(+) cells was higher than that of CD4(+) cells in immunized compared with sham-immunized DBA/2J mice. The percentages of CD4(+) and CD14(+) cells predominated in immunized CBA/CaH mice and CD4(+) cells in sham-immunized CBA/CaH mice. The percentage of neutrophils in immunized CBA/CaH mice was significantly lower than that of CD14(+) cells and CD4(+) cells in sham-immunized mice. IgG1(+) plasma cells were more dominant than IgG2a(+) cells in immunized BALB/c, C57BL6 and DBA/2J mice, whereas IgG2a(+) plasma cells were more obvious in sham-immunized mice. IgG2a(+) plasma cells were predominant in immunized and sham-immunized CBA/CaH mice. In the serum, specific anti-P. gingivalis IgG2a antibody levels (Th1 response) were higher than IgG1 levels (Th2 response) in sham-immunized CBA/CaH and DBA/2J mice. In immunized BALB/c mice, IgG2a levels were lower than IgG1 levels, while IgG2a levels were higher in immunized C57BL6 mice. In conclusion, this study has shown differences in the proportion of infiltrating leukocytes and in the subclasses of immunoglobulin produced locally and systemically in response to P. gingivalis in different strains of mice, suggesting a degree of genetic control over the response to P. gingivalis.

Occlusable corneas in toadfishes: light transmission, movement and ultrastruture of pigment during light- and dark-adaptation

The toadfishes Tetractenos hamiltoni and Torquigener pleurogramma (Tetraodontidae) possess occlusable yellow corneas. We examine the light transmission and location of the yellow/orange pigment throughout the cornea, the temporal properties of pigment migration and the ultrastructure of the pigmented processes during light- and dark-adaptation. Each species was dark-adapted during the day and light-adapted during the night and then exposed to either sun illumination or darkness for different lengths of time (0-70 min). Movement of corneal pigment could be induced in both species regardless of time of day or night. The pigment was able to migrate in a dorsal or ventral direction and changed from minimal to maximal pigmentation within 60 min. Three types of transmission curves were found with varying degrees of transmission in the 400-500 nm waveband, indicating that the pigment distribution is not uniform across the cornea; some areas of the cornea transmit near UV light, while others absorb blue light. The gradual change of the transmission characteristics in different areas of the cornea indicates the presence of different concentrations of a single type of pigment. Ultrastructural examination of the corneas showed that the layer containing the pigment is situated within the scleral cornea either surrounding (T. pleurogramma) or abutting (T. hamiltoni) an iridescent layer. Long sheet-like processes or chromatophores extending centrally from dorsal and ventral reservoirs are filled with pigment during the light-adapted state but empty in the dark-adapted state.

Retinal specializations in the blue marlin: eyes designed for sensitivity to low light levels

The large eyes and well-developed visual system of billfishes suggest that vision is an important sense for the detection and interception of prey and lures. Investigations of visual abilities in these large pelagic fishes are difficult, however anatomical studies of billfish eyes and retinas allow prediction of a number of visual capabilities. From the density of ganglion cells in the blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) retina, visual acuities of less than 10 cycles per degree were derived, a surprisingly low visual resolution given the absolute size of the marlin eye. Cone photoreceptors, on the other hand, were present in high densities, resulting in a presumed summation of cones to ganglion cells at a ratio of 40:1, even in the area of best vision. The optical sensitivity of the marlin eye was high owing to the large dimensions of the cone photoreceptors. These results indicate that the marlin eye is specifically adapted to cope with the low light levels encountered during diving. Since the marlin is likely to use its vision at depth, it is suggested that this line of research could help estimate the limits of vertical distribution based on light level.

Visual Biology of Hawaiian Coral Reef Fishes. III. Environmental Light and an Integrated Approach to the Ecology of Reef Fish Vision

In the previous two papers in this three-part series, we have examined visual pigments, ocular media transmission, and colors of the coral reef fish of Hawaii. This paper first details aspects of the light field and background colors at the microhabitat level on Hawaiian reefs and does so from the perspective and scale of fish living on the reef. Second, information from all three papers is combined in an attempt to examine trends in the visual ecology of reef inhabitants. Our goal is to begin to see fish the way they appear to other fish. Observations resulting from the combination of results in all three papers include the following. Yellow and blue colors on their own are strikingly well matched to backgrounds on the reef such as coral and bodies of horizontally viewed water. These colors, therefore, depending on context, may be important in camouflage as well as conspicuousness. The spectral characteristics of fish colors are correlated to the known spectral sensitivities in reef fish single cones and are tuned for maximum signal reliability when viewed against known backgrounds. The optimal positions of spectral sensitivity in a modeled dichromatic visual system are generally close to the sensitivities known for reef fish. Models also predict that both UV-sensitive and red-sensitive cone types are advantageous for a variety of tasks. UV-sensitive cones are known in some reef fish, red-sensitive cones have yet to be found. Labroid colors, which appear green or blue to us, may he matched to the far-red component of chlorophyll reflectance for camouflage. Red cave/hole dwelling reef fish are relatively poorly matched to the background they are often viewed against but this may be visually irrelevant. The model predicts that the task of distinguishing green algae from coral is optimized with a relatively long wavelength visual pigment pair. Herbivorous grazers whose visual pigments are known possess the longest sensitivities so far found. Labroid complex colors are highly contrasting complementary colors close up but combine, because of the spatial addition, which results from low visual resolution, at distance, to match background water colors remarkably well. Therefore, they are effective for simultaneous communication and camouflage.