'Lots of little kindnesses': valuing the role of older Australians as informal volunteers in the community

This paper describes the ways in which older people contribute to their communities and families as informal volunteers. It challenges current ways of thinking that assign an economic value to the productive activities undertaken by older people. Using qualitative data from a study of older people resident in Queensland, Australia, the paper explores the ways that older people contribute to their families and to the community and the outcomes associated with these activities. Two specific themes emerged from the data: first, the ways' in which older people contribute to strong inter-generational relations, and second, how they provide essential mutual support that permits many older people to remain living in the community. These contributions, while often small in themselves, are in aggregate critical both to family functioning and to the maintenance of sustainable and healthy communities. Many are reciprocal interactions that add value to the lives of individuals and offer positive social roles in later life, and they may be particularly important for those from minority cultural backgrounds or at risk of social isolation. The findings suggest that older people are integral to community and civil society and, therefore, that social policy should respond to the ageing of Australia's population and recognise the positive contributions of older people, rather than emphasising the costs of demographic change.

Methadone maintenance therapy for opioid dependence - A guide to appropriate use

Opioid dependence is a chronic, relapsing condition that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Methadone maintenance therapy involves the provision of a controlled supply of an orally administered opioid, thereby stabilising the opioid-dependent patient. Research studies have shown that methadone maintenance reduces illicit opioid use, opioid-related crime, premature mortality and the risk of HIV infection. It is most effective when prescribed at an adequate dosage (usually 60 to 100 mg/day) and when long term maintenance on methadone is the goal of treatment rather than detoxification from all drugs including methadone. Successful long term methadone maintenance is more likely when it takes place within the context of a well established therapeutic relationship and when the medical, social and psychological needs of patients are met either through direct assistance or referral.