Implantation of a scaffold following bulbectomy induces laminar organization of regenerating olfactory axons

Primary olfactory axons expressing different odorant receptors are interspersed within the olfactory nerve. However, upon reaching the outer nerve fiber layer of the olfactory bulb they defasciculate, sort out, and refasciculate prior to targeting glomeruli in fixed topographic positions. While odorant receptors are crucial for the final targeting of axons to glomeruli, it is unclear what directs the formation of the nerve fiber and glomerular layers of the olfactory bulb. While the olfactory bulb itself may provide instructive cues for the development of these layers, it is also possible that the incoming axons may simply require the presence of a physical scaffold to establish the outer laminar cytoarchitecture. In order to begin to understand the underlying role of the olfactory bulb in development of the outer layers of the olfactory bulb, we physically ablated the olfactory bulbs in OMP-IRES-LacZ and P2-IRES-tau-LacZ neonatal mice and replaced them with artificial biological scaffolds molded into the shape of an olfactory bulb. Regenerating axons projected around the edge of the cranial cavity at the periphery of the artificial scaffold and were able to form an olfactory nerve fiber layer and, to some extent, a glomerular layer. Our results reveal that olfactory axons are able to form rudimentary cytoarchitectonic layers if they are provided with an appropriately shaped biological scaffold. Thus, the olfactory bulb does not appear to provide any tropic substance that either attracts regenerating olfactory axons into the cranial cavity or induces these axons to form a plexus around its outer surface. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The sorting behaviour of olfactory and vomeronasal axons during regeneration

In order to begin to understand how primary olfactory and vomeronasal organ (VNO) axons target specific regions of the olfactory bulb, we examined the sorting behaviour of these axons following neonatal unilateral olfactory bulbectomy. Bulbectomy induced widespread ipsilateral death of the primary olfactory and VNO neurons. After 4 weeks, many new sensory axons had re-grown into the cranial cavity and established a prominent plexus with evidence of dense tufts that were similar in gross appearance to glomeruli. Axons expressing the cell adhesion molecule OCAM, which normally innervate the ventrolateral and rostral halves of the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, respectively, sorted out and segregated from those axons not expressing this molecule within the plexus. In addition, VNO axons formed large discrete bundles that segregated from main olfactory axons within the plexus. Thus, VNO and primary olfactory axons as well as discrete subpopulations of both are able to sort out and remain segregated in the absence of the olfactory bulb. Sorting and convergence of axons therefore occur independently of the olfactory bulb and are probably attributable either to inherent properties of the axons themselves or to interactions between the axons and accompanying glial ensheathing cells.