2 resultados para time history analysis
Resumo:
Abstract: Highway bridges have great values in a country because in case of any natural disaster they may serve as lines to save people’s lives. Being vulnerable under significant seismic loads, different methods can be considered to design resistant highway bridges and rehabilitate the existing ones. In this study, base isolation has been considered as one efficient method in this regards which in some cases reduces significantly the seismic load effects on the structure. By reducing the ductility demand on the structure without a notable increase of strength, the structure is designed to remain elastic under seismic loads. The problem associated with the isolated bridges, especially with elastomeric bearings, can be their excessive displacements under service and seismic loads. This can defy the purpose of using elastomeric bearings for small to medium span typical bridges where expansion joints and clearances may result in significant increase of initial and maintenance cost. Thus, supplementing the structure with dampers with some stiffness can serve as a solution which in turn, however, may increase the structure base shear. The main objective of this thesis is to provide a simplified method for the evaluation of optimal parameters for dampers in isolated bridges. Firstly, performing a parametric study, some directions are given for the use of simple isolation devices such as elastomeric bearings to rehabilitate existing bridges with high importance. Parameters like geometry of the bridge, code provisions and the type of soil on which the structure is constructed have been introduced to a typical two span bridge. It is concluded that the stiffness of the substructure, soil type and special provisions in the code can determine the employment of base isolation for retrofitting of bridges. Secondly, based on the elastic response coefficient of isolated bridges, a simplified design method of dampers for seismically isolated regular highway bridges has been presented in this study. By setting objectives for reduction of displacement and base shear variation, the required stiffness and damping of a hysteretic damper can be determined. By modelling a typical two span bridge, numerical analyses have followed to verify the effectiveness of the method. The method has been used to identify equivalent linear parameters and subsequently, nonlinear parameters of hysteretic damper for various designated scenarios of displacement and base shear requirements. Comparison of the results of the nonlinear numerical model without damper and with damper has shown that the method is sufficiently accurate. Finally, an innovative and simple hysteretic steel damper was designed. Five specimens were fabricated from two steel grades and were tested accompanying a real scale elastomeric isolator in the structural laboratory of the Université de Sherbrooke. The test procedure was to characterize the specimens by cyclic displacement controlled tests and subsequently to test them by real-time dynamic substructuring (RTDS) method. The test results were then used to establish a numerical model of the system which went through nonlinear time history analyses under several earthquakes. The outcome of the experimental and numerical showed an acceptable conformity with the simplified method.
Resumo:
Au Québec, les écoles sont situées dans une région où l’aléa sismique est considéré modéré à élevé. La majorité de ces écoles ont été construites avant les années 70 et comportent de la maçonnerie non armée (MNA) qui est un matériau à ductilité faible. Au cours des séismes passés notamment celui du Saguenay en 1988, il semble que les structures comportant de la MNA constituent le type de structure le plus dangereux vis-à-vis du séisme. La performance sismique de ces écoles est alors mise en question d’autant plus que la plupart ont été construites avant l’introduction des normes parasismiques. Ce projet de recherche traite de la vulnérabilité sismique des écoles comportant de la MNA et s’inscrit à la suite d’un projet d’élaboration d’une procédure de classification des écoles dans l’Est du Canada. Il découle d’une initiative du Réseau Canadien pour la Recherche Parasismique (RCRP) qui vise des procédures d’analyse de ces bâtiments en vue d’un programme de réhabilitation d’écoles, lancé par le Ministère de l’Éducation, des Loisirs et du Sport (MELS). Une procédure à trois niveaux pour l’évaluation de la vulnérabilité sismique des bâtiments dans l’Est du Canada a été élaborée par différents chercheurs de l’Université de Sherbrooke, de l’École de Technologie Supérieure et de l’Université McGill [Nollet et al., 2012]. Partant des conclusions de cette étude et d’une revue de littérature, les efforts de la recherche développeront un niveau d’évaluation sismique complète des écoles types au Québec comportant de la MNA comme murs de remplissage. Les objectifs seront donc de proposer un modèle adéquat du comportement sismique de la MNA issue de la littérature, étudier l’influence de la non linéarité de la MNA sur la réponse dynamique de ces écoles ainsi que l’influence de l’irrégularité en plan sur la réponse dynamique de ces écoles. La démarche comprend le développement des modèles Opensees [Mazzoni et al., 2004] et la modélisation des écoles génériques sur le logiciel OpenSees (l’un des défi majeur du projet), la validation des modèles à partir de valeurs empirique et expérimentale et enfin les analyses modales et temporelles.