Exploration d’un modèle d’étude simplifié de la spermiogenèse par l’utilisation de la levure à fission

Résumé: Les cellules germinales mâles remodèlent leur chromatine pour compacter leur noyau afin de protéger leur matériel génétique et assurer un transit optimal vers le gamète femelle. Il a été démontré que tous les spermatides de plusieurs mammifères, incluant l’homme et la souris, présentaient ce mécanisme de remodelage de la chromatine. Celui-ci est caractérisé par une augmentation transitoire de cassures d’ADN dont une quantité importante sont bicaténaires. Ce remodelage chromatinien a été étudié et semble être conservé chez plusieurs espèces, allant de l’algue à l’humain. Dans le contexte de la recherche fondamentale sur le phénomène de la spermiogenèse, il devient parfois très difficile d’investiguer certains aspects importants en vertu de l’impossibilité de réaliser des manipulations génétiques simples. Il est donc impératif de développer un nouveau modèle d’étude plus permissif afin de palier à ces difficultés encourues. Comme le processus de maturation des spores chez la levure à fission présente de grandes similitudes avec la spermiogenèse des mammifères, l’utilisation d’un modèle d’étude basé sur la sporulation de la levure à fission Schizosaccharomyces pombe a été proposée comme modèle comparatif de la spermatogenèse murine. À la suite de la synchronisation de la méiose de la souche S. pombe pat1-114, des analyses d’électrophorèse en champ pulsé (PFGE) et de qTUNEL ont permis de déterminer la présence de cassures bicaténaires transitoires de l’ADN lors de la maturation post-méiotique des ascospores nouvellement formés (t>7h). Des analyses par immunobuvardages dirigés contre le variant d’histones H2AS129p suggère la présence d’un remodelage chromatinien postméiotique dix heures suivant l’induction de la méiose, corroborant le modèle murin. Enfin, des analyses protéomiques couplées à l’analyse par spectrométrie de masse ont permis de proposer l’endonucléase Pnu1 comme candidat potentiellement responsable des cassures bicaténaires transitoires dans l’ADN des ascospores en maturation. En somme, bien que le processus de maturation des spores soit encore bien méconnu, quelques parallèles peuvent être tracés entre la maturation des ascospores de la levure à fission et la spermiogenèse des eucaryotes supérieurs. En identifiant un modèle simple du remodelage chromatinien au niveau de la spermiogenèse animale, on s’assurerait ainsi d’un outil beaucoup plus malléable et versatile pour l’étude fondamentale des événements survenant lors de la spermiogenèse humaine.

Physical and chemical kinetics of structural build-up of cement suspensions

Abstract : The structural build-up of fresh cement-based materials has a great impact on their structural performance after casting. Accordingly, the mixture design should be tailored to adapt the kinetics of build-up given the application on hand. The rate of structural build-up of cement-based suspensions at rest is a complex phenomenon affected by both physical and chemical structuration processes. The structuration kinetics are strongly dependent on the mixture’s composition, testing parameters, as well as the shear history. Accurate measurements of build-up rely on the efficiency of the applied pre-shear regime to achieve an initial well-dispersed state as well as the applied stress during the liquid-solid transition. Studying the physical and chemical mechanisms of build-up of cement suspensions at rest can enhance the fundamental understanding of this phenomenon. This can, therefore, allow a better control of the rheological and time-dependent properties of cement-based materials. The research focused on the use of dynamic rheology in investigating the kinetics of structural build-up of fresh cement pastes. The research program was conducted in three different phases. The first phase was devoted to evaluating the dispersing efficiency of various disruptive shear techniques. The investigated shearing profiles included rotational, oscillatory, and combination of both. The initial and final states of suspension’s structure, before and after disruption, were determined by applying a small-amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS). The difference between the viscoelastic values before and after disruption was used to express the degree of dispersion. An efficient technique to disperse concentrated cement suspensions was developed. The second phase aimed to establish a rheometric approach to dissociate and monitor the individual physical and chemical mechanisms of build-up of cement paste. In this regard, the non-destructive dynamic rheometry was used to investigate the evolutions of both storage modulus and phase angle of inert calcium carbonate and cement suspensions. Two independent build-up indices were proposed. The structural build-up of various cement suspensions made with different cement contents, silica fume replacement percentages, and high-range water reducer dosages was evaluated using the proposed indices. These indices were then compared to the well-known thixotropic index (Athix.). Furthermore, the proposed indices were correlated to the decay in lateral pressure determined for various cement pastes cast in a pressure column. The proposed pre-shearing protocol and build-up indices (phases 1 and 2) were then used to investigate the effect of mixture’s parameters on the kinetics of structural build-up in phase 3. The investigated mixture’s parameters included cement content and fineness, alkali sulfate content, and temperature of cement suspension. Zeta potential, calorimetric, spectrometric measurements were performed to explore the corresponding microstructural changes in cement suspensions, such as inter-particle cohesion, rate of Brownian flocculation, and nucleation rate. A model linking the build-up indices and the microstructural characteristics was developed to predict the build-up behaviour of cement-based suspensions The obtained results showed that oscillatory shear may have a greater effect on dispersing concentrated cement suspension than the rotational shear. Furthermore, the increase in induced shear strain was found to enhance the breakdown of suspension’s structure until a critical point, after which thickening effects dominate. An effective dispersing method is then proposed. This consists of applying a rotational shear around the transitional value between the linear and non-linear variations of the apparent viscosity with shear rate, followed by an oscillatory shear at the crossover shear strain and high angular frequency of 100 rad/s. Investigating the evolutions of viscoelastic properties of inert calcite-based and cement suspensions and allowed establishing two independent build-up indices. The first one (the percolation time) can represent the rest time needed to form the elastic network. On the other hand, the second one (rigidification rate) can describe the increase in stress-bearing capacity of formed network due to cement hydration. In addition, results showed that combining the percolation time and the rigidification rate can provide deeper insight into the structuration process of cement suspensions. Furthermore, these indices were found to be well-correlated to the decay in the lateral pressure of cement suspensions. The variations of proposed build-up indices with mixture’s parameters showed that the percolation time is most likely controlled by the frequency of Brownian collisions, distance between dispersed particles, and intensity of cohesion between cement particles. On the other hand, a higher rigidification rate can be secured by increasing the number of contact points per unit volume of paste, nucleation rate of cement hydrates, and intensity of inter-particle cohesion.