2 resultados para Non destructive tests


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Abstract : The structural build-up of fresh cement-based materials has a great impact on their structural performance after casting. Accordingly, the mixture design should be tailored to adapt the kinetics of build-up given the application on hand. The rate of structural build-up of cement-based suspensions at rest is a complex phenomenon affected by both physical and chemical structuration processes. The structuration kinetics are strongly dependent on the mixture’s composition, testing parameters, as well as the shear history. Accurate measurements of build-up rely on the efficiency of the applied pre-shear regime to achieve an initial well-dispersed state as well as the applied stress during the liquid-solid transition. Studying the physical and chemical mechanisms of build-up of cement suspensions at rest can enhance the fundamental understanding of this phenomenon. This can, therefore, allow a better control of the rheological and time-dependent properties of cement-based materials. The research focused on the use of dynamic rheology in investigating the kinetics of structural build-up of fresh cement pastes. The research program was conducted in three different phases. The first phase was devoted to evaluating the dispersing efficiency of various disruptive shear techniques. The investigated shearing profiles included rotational, oscillatory, and combination of both. The initial and final states of suspension’s structure, before and after disruption, were determined by applying a small-amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS). The difference between the viscoelastic values before and after disruption was used to express the degree of dispersion. An efficient technique to disperse concentrated cement suspensions was developed. The second phase aimed to establish a rheometric approach to dissociate and monitor the individual physical and chemical mechanisms of build-up of cement paste. In this regard, the non-destructive dynamic rheometry was used to investigate the evolutions of both storage modulus and phase angle of inert calcium carbonate and cement suspensions. Two independent build-up indices were proposed. The structural build-up of various cement suspensions made with different cement contents, silica fume replacement percentages, and high-range water reducer dosages was evaluated using the proposed indices. These indices were then compared to the well-known thixotropic index (Athix.). Furthermore, the proposed indices were correlated to the decay in lateral pressure determined for various cement pastes cast in a pressure column. The proposed pre-shearing protocol and build-up indices (phases 1 and 2) were then used to investigate the effect of mixture’s parameters on the kinetics of structural build-up in phase 3. The investigated mixture’s parameters included cement content and fineness, alkali sulfate content, and temperature of cement suspension. Zeta potential, calorimetric, spectrometric measurements were performed to explore the corresponding microstructural changes in cement suspensions, such as inter-particle cohesion, rate of Brownian flocculation, and nucleation rate. A model linking the build-up indices and the microstructural characteristics was developed to predict the build-up behaviour of cement-based suspensions The obtained results showed that oscillatory shear may have a greater effect on dispersing concentrated cement suspension than the rotational shear. Furthermore, the increase in induced shear strain was found to enhance the breakdown of suspension’s structure until a critical point, after which thickening effects dominate. An effective dispersing method is then proposed. This consists of applying a rotational shear around the transitional value between the linear and non-linear variations of the apparent viscosity with shear rate, followed by an oscillatory shear at the crossover shear strain and high angular frequency of 100 rad/s. Investigating the evolutions of viscoelastic properties of inert calcite-based and cement suspensions and allowed establishing two independent build-up indices. The first one (the percolation time) can represent the rest time needed to form the elastic network. On the other hand, the second one (rigidification rate) can describe the increase in stress-bearing capacity of formed network due to cement hydration. In addition, results showed that combining the percolation time and the rigidification rate can provide deeper insight into the structuration process of cement suspensions. Furthermore, these indices were found to be well-correlated to the decay in the lateral pressure of cement suspensions. The variations of proposed build-up indices with mixture’s parameters showed that the percolation time is most likely controlled by the frequency of Brownian collisions, distance between dispersed particles, and intensity of cohesion between cement particles. On the other hand, a higher rigidification rate can be secured by increasing the number of contact points per unit volume of paste, nucleation rate of cement hydrates, and intensity of inter-particle cohesion.

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Pour modéliser un vecteur aléatoire en présence d'une co-variable, on peut d'abord faire appel à la fonction de répartition conditionnelle. En effet, cette dernière contient toute l'information ayant trait au comportement du vecteur étant donné une valeur prise par la co-variable. Il peut aussi être commode de séparer l'étude du comportement conjoint du vecteur de celle du comportement individuel de chacune de ses composantes. Pour ce faire, on utilise la copule conditionnelle, qui caractérise complètement la dépendance conditionnelle régissant les différentes associations entre les variables. Dans chacun des cas, la mise en oeuvre d'une stratégie d'estimation et d'inférence s'avère une étape essentielle à leur utilisant en pratique. Lorsqu'aucune information n'est disponible a priori quant à un choix éventuel de modèle, il devient pertinent d'opter pour des méthodes non-paramétriques. Le premier article de cette thèse, co-écrit par Jean-François Quessy et moi-même, propose une façon de ré-échantillonner des estimateurs non-paramétriques pour des distributions conditionnelles. Cet article a été publié dans la revue Statistics and Computing. En autres choses, nous y montrons comment obtenir des intervalles de confiance pour des statistiques s'écrivant en terme de la fonction de répartition conditionnelle. Le second article de cette thèse, co-écrit par Taoufik Bouezmarni, Jean-François Quessy et moi-même, s'affaire à étudier deux estimateurs non-paramétriques de la copule conditionnelles, proposés par Gijbels et coll. en présence de données sérielles. Cet article a été soumis dans la revue Statistics and Probability Letters. Nous identifions la distribution asymptotique de chacun de ces estimateurs pour des données mélangeantes. Le troisième article de cette thèse, co-écrit par Taoufik Bouezmarni, Jean-François Quessy et moi-même, propose une nouvelle façon d'étudier les relations de causalité entre deux séries chronologiques. Cet article a été soumis dans la revue Electronic Journal of Statistics. Dans cet article, nous utilisons la copule conditionnelle pour caractériser une version locale de la causalité au sens de Granger. Puis, nous proposons des mesures de causalité basées sur la copule conditionnelle. Le quatrième article de cette thèse, co-écrit par Taoufik Bouezmarni, Anouar El Ghouch et moi-même, propose une méthode qui permette d'estimer adéquatement la copule conditionnelle en présence de données incomplètes. Cet article a été soumis dans la revue Scandinavian Journal of Statistics. Les propriétés asymptotiques de l'estimateur proposé y sont aussi étudiées. Finalement, la dernière partie de cette thèse contient un travail inédit, qui porte sur la mise en oeuvre de tests statistiques permettant de déterminer si deux copules conditionnelles sont concordantes. En plus d'y présenter des résultats originaux, cette étude illustre l'utilité des techniques de ré-échantillonnage développées dans notre premier article.