Étude et passivation des défauts introduits par la gravure de vias sur cellule photovoltaïque triple jonction

Malgré l'augmentation constante de l'efficacité des cellules photovoltaïques multi-jonctions destinées au photovoltaïque concentré, des pertes de performances subsistent à haute concentration solaire. Elles sont principalement causées par un ombrage excessif dû aux métallisations ou par effet Joule à cause de la résistance série. Une des solutions à ce problème est de reporter le contact métallique en face avant sur la face arrière grâce à des vias métallisés et isolés électriquement. Avec cette architecture, les pertes dues à l'effet Joule et à l'ombrage seront limitées et des gains en efficacité sont attendus. Toutefois, l'intégration de vias sur des cellules photovoltaïques triple jonction favorise la recombinaison électron-trou en surface et peut provoquer une perte de performances de ces dispositifs. Ce mémoire présente les travaux de recherche effectués visant à étudier précisément cette problématique ainsi qu'à proposer des solutions pour limiter ces pertes. L'objectif est d'évaluer les pertes de performances de cellules photovoltaïques triple jonction suite à l'intégration de vias. Dans un second temps, l'objectif secondaire vise à limiter les pertes grâce à des traitements de passivation. Les résultats et solutions qu'apporte ce projet représentent une étape clé dans la réalisation de cette nouvelle architecture de contact électrique pour cellules photovoltaïques. En effet, les conclusions de ce projet de recherche permettent de valider la possibilité d'obtenir des gains en efficacité grâce à cette architecture. De plus, les procédés de microfabrication présentés dans ce projet de recherche proposent des solutions afin d'intégrer des vias sur ces hétérostructures tout en limitant les pertes en performances.

Numerical simulation of fresh SCC flow in wall and beam elements using flow dynamics models

Abstract : Recently, there is a great interest to study the flow characteristics of suspensions in different environmental and industrial applications, such as snow avalanches, debris flows, hydrotransport systems, and material casting processes. Regarding rheological aspects, the majority of these suspensions, such as fresh concrete, behave mostly as non-Newtonian fluids. Concrete is the most widely used construction material in the world. Due to the limitations that exist in terms of workability and formwork filling abilities of normal concrete, a new class of concrete that is able to flow under its own weight, especially through narrow gaps in the congested areas of the formwork was developed. Accordingly, self-consolidating concrete (SCC) is a novel construction material that is gaining market acceptance in various applications. Higher fluidity characteristics of SCC enable it to be used in a number of special applications, such as densely reinforced sections. However, higher flowability of SCC makes it more sensitive to segregation of coarse particles during flow (i.e., dynamic segregation) and thereafter at rest (i.e., static segregation). Dynamic segregation can increase when SCC flows over a long distance or in the presence of obstacles. Therefore, there is always a need to establish a trade-off between the flowability, passing ability, and stability properties of SCC suspensions. This should be taken into consideration to design the casting process and the mixture proportioning of SCC. This is called “workability design” of SCC. An efficient and non-expensive workability design approach consists of the prediction and optimization of the workability of the concrete mixtures for the selected construction processes, such as transportation, pumping, casting, compaction, and finishing. Indeed, the mixture proportioning of SCC should ensure the construction quality demands, such as demanded levels of flowability, passing ability, filling ability, and stability (dynamic and static). This is necessary to develop some theoretical tools to assess under what conditions the construction quality demands are satisfied. Accordingly, this thesis is dedicated to carry out analytical and numerical simulations to predict flow performance of SCC under different casting processes, such as pumping and tremie applications, or casting using buckets. The L-Box and T-Box set-ups can evaluate flow performance properties of SCC (e.g., flowability, passing ability, filling ability, shear-induced and gravitational dynamic segregation) in casting process of wall and beam elements. The specific objective of the study consists of relating numerical results of flow simulation of SCC in L-Box and T-Box test set-ups, reported in this thesis, to the flow performance properties of SCC during casting. Accordingly, the SCC is modeled as a heterogeneous material. Furthermore, an analytical model is proposed to predict flow performance of SCC in L-Box set-up using the Dam Break Theory. On the other hand, results of the numerical simulation of SCC casting in a reinforced beam are verified by experimental free surface profiles. The results of numerical simulations of SCC casting (modeled as a single homogeneous fluid), are used to determine the critical zones corresponding to the higher risks of segregation and blocking. The effects of rheological parameters, density, particle contents, distribution of reinforcing bars, and particle-bar interactions on flow performance of SCC are evaluated using CFD simulations of SCC flow in L-Box and T-box test set-ups (modeled as a heterogeneous material). Two new approaches are proposed to classify the SCC mixtures based on filling ability and performability properties, as a contribution of flowability, passing ability, and dynamic stability of SCC.