Transboundary dimensions of marine spatial planning: Fostering inter-jurisdictional relations and governance

There is broad agreement that marine spatial planning (MSP) should incorporate transboundary considerations, reflecting the cross-border nature of marine and coastal ecosystem dynamics and maritime resources and activities. This is recognised in the European Union's recent legislation on MSP, and experience in transboundary approaches is developing through official processes and pilot studies.

Bancos de pesca de cerco e da pequena pesca costeira do sotavento Algarvio

A exploração sustentável dos recursos marinhos da costa portuguesa tem sido de forma crescente colocada em causa devido a diversos factores, designadamente pelo aumento do esforço da pesca, conduzindo a uma grande preocupação na sua gestão. A prespectiva relacionada com o surgimento e crescimento de outras actividades de exploração dos recursos do mar na região vem aumentar ainda mais essa preocupação. Nesse contexto, novos desafios surgiram, particularmente no âmbito da gestão e planeamento espacial (Planeamento Espacial Marítimo / Marine Spatial Planning). De facto, com o aumento de diversas actividades no mar, designadamente das aquaculturas em mar aberto (offshore) e das armações de atum, a gestão espacial encontra-se cada vez mais na ordem do dia, articularmente na costa algarvia. Estes factos, associados com a real competição por espaço entre as diferentes frotas, foram os principais motivadores e impulsionadores para a execução do presente projecto. Este estudo encontra-se integrado no projecto “Mapeamento de bancos de pesca do Sotavento algarvio (Pescamap Sotavento) do Programa Operacional Pesca 2007-2013 (Promar) e vem no seguimento de outro projecto similar realizado para a zona costeira do Barlavento algarvio (Bancos de pesca do Cerco e da Pequena Pesca Costeira do Barlavento Algarvio). Ambos foram co-financiados pelo Fundo Europeu das Pescas (FEP) e contaram com os apoios institucionais, no Sotavento, da Associação de Armadores do Porto da Fuzeta (APPF) e da Organização de Produtores de Pescado Algarve (OLHÃOPESCAS).

Biodiversidade marinha do sublitoral entre a ponta da piedade e a praia do barranco

A sustentabilidade dos recursos marinhos da costa portuguesa tem sido de forma crescente posta em causa devido a variados factores, nomeadamente pelo aumento do esforço da pesca, com consequência na redução de alguns mananciais (e.g. pescada, lagostim), conduzindo a uma grande apreensão no que concerne à sua gestão. Por outro lado, novos desafios têm surgido na última década, sobretudo no contexto da gestão espacial (Planeamento Espacial Marítimo / Marine Spatial Planning), com particular evidência na costa algarvia. Devido ao aumento das actividades no mar, aquaculturas em mar aberto, armações de atum, áreas de reserva de areia (manchas de empréstimo) e zonas de fundeio, mas também devido às disputas entre as diferentes frotas pesqueiras, a gestão espacial tem estado cada vez mais na ordem do dia. Estes factos foram em grande medida os principais motivadores e impulsionadores para a execução do presente projecto. O presente estudo encontra-se integrado no projecto “Mapeamento de bancos de pesca algarvios PescaMap) do Programa Operacional Pesca 2007-2013 (Promar), co-financiado pelo Fundo Europeu das Pescas (FEP). O projecto contou com os apoios institucionais da Cooperativa dos Armadores de Pesca do Barlavento CRL (BarlaPescas), da Docapesca, Marina de Lagos, da Associação dos Pescadores do Portinho da Arrifana e Costa Vicentina (APPACV) e da Câmara Municipal de Aljezur.

Bancos de pesca do cerco e da pequena pesca costeira do barlavento Algarvio

A sustentabilidade dos recursos marinhos da costa portuguesa tem sido de forma crescente posta em causa devido a variados factores, nomeadamente pelo aumento do esforço da pesca, com consequência na redução de alguns mananciais (e.g. sardinha, pescada, lagostim), conduzindo à grande apreensão no que concerne à sua gestão. Por outro lado, novos desafios têm surgido na última década, sobretudo no contexto da gestão espacial (Planeamento Espacial Marítimo / Marine Spatial Planning), com particular evidência na costa algarvia. Devido ao aumento das actividades no mar, aquaculturas em mar aberto, armações de atum, áreas de reserva de areia e zonas de fundeio, mas também devido às disputas entre as diferentes frotas, a gestão espacial tem estado cada vez mais na ordem do dia. Estes factos foram em grande medida os principais motivadores e impulsionadores para a execução do presente projecto. O presente estudo encontra-se integrado no projecto “Mapeamento de bancos de pesca algarvios (PescaMap) do Programa Operacional Pesca 2007-2013 (Promar), co-financiado pelo Fundo Europeu das Pescas (FEP). O projecto contou com os apoios institucionais da Cooperativa dos Armadores de Pesca do Barlavento CRL (BarlaPescas) e da Câmara Municipal de Aljezur.

Biodiversidade marinha do sublitoral da Arrifana

A sustentabilidade dos recursos marinhos da costa portuguesa tem sido posta em causa de forma crescente devido a variados factores, nomeadamente pelo aumento do esforço da pesca, com consequência na redução de alguns mananciais (por ex. a sardinha ou a pescada), conduzindo a uma grande apreensão na sua gestão. Por outro lado, novos desafios têm surgido na última década, sobretudo no contexto da gestão espacial maritima (Marine Spatial Planning), com particular evidência na costa algarvia. Efectivamente, nesta zona, devido ao aumento das actividades das aquaculturas de mar aberto ou “offshores” e das armações de atum, mas também devido às disputas habituais entre as diferentes frotas, a gestão espacial tem estado cada vez mais na ordem do dia. Estes factos foram em grande medida os principais motivadores e impulsionadores para a execução do presente trabalho. O presente estudo encontra-se integrado no projecto “Mapeamento de bancos de pesca algarvios (PescaMap) do Programa Operacional Pesca 2007-2013 (Promar), co-financiado pelo Fundo Europeu das Pescas (FEP). O projecto conta com os apoios institucionais das câmaras dos oito concelhos do Barlavento algarvio (Vila do Bispo, Aljezur, Lagos, Monchique, Portimão, Lagoa, Silves e Albufeira) e da Cooperativa dos Armadores de Pesca do Barlavento CRL (BarlaPescas). O projecto teve em primeiro lugar como principal propósito, produzir mapas dos principais bancos de pesca da frota do cerco e da frota artesanal. Em segundo lugar, o grupo de investigação do CCMAR comprometeu-se a inventariar a biodiversidade marinha de duas importantes zonas subtidais da costa Algarvia, ambas localizadas no Parque Marinho do Sudoeste Alentejano e Costa Vicentina: uma na costa ocidental que incluiu as Pedras da Agulha e da Carraça e a costa norte adjacente à Praia da Arrifana (concelho de Aljezur) e outra na costa sul, entre a ponta da Piedade e a praia do Barranco (concelhos de Lagos e de Vila do Bispo).

Composition, temporal and spatial patterns of very-nearshore larval fish assemblages at the Arrábida marine park

Tese dout., Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, 2006

The effect of conservation measures on the spatial and temporal variation of rocky fish assemblages in the Arrábida Marine Park

Marine protected areas (MPAs) have been widely proposed for conservation purposes and as a tool for fisheries management. The Arrábida Marine Park is the first MPA in continental Portugal having a management plan, fully implemented since 2009. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of protection measures on rocky reef fish assemblages and target invertebrates through before-after and control-effect (no-take vs. fished areas) underwater visual surveys and analysis of landings trends. Second, we used surveys before, during and after implementation of the management plan to understand fishers‟ preferences for fishing grounds and adaptation to the new rules, and evaluated the reserve effect through analysis of both ecological responses and fishing effort density. Third, we identified the main oceanographic drivers influencing the structure of reef fish assemblages and predicted the community structure for the last 50 years, in light of climatic change. Overall results suggest positive responses in biomass but not yet in numbers of some commercial species, with no effects on non-target species. The reserve effect is reinforced by the increase in landings of commercial species, despite increased fishing effort density in some areas, especially with octopus traps. Fishing grounds are mainly chosen based on the distribution of target species and associated habitats, but distance to port, weather conditions and safety also influence fishers‟ choices. Moreover, different fisheries respond differently to the protection measures, and within each fishery, individual fishers show distinct strategies, with some operating in a broader area whereas others keep preferred territories. Our results also show that wind stress and temperature are the main oceanographic drivers for rocky reef fish assemblages, with tropicalization of assemblages and polewards movements of species over the last 50 years consistent with temperature trends. We believe this study provides significant lessons for marine conservation and management of coastal systems.

Marine foundation species shifting ranges and genetic baselines

This thesis revealed the most importance factors shaping the distribution, abundance and genetic diversity of four marine foundation species. Environmental conditions, particularly sea temperatures, nutrient availability and ocean waves, played a primary role in shaping the spatial distribution and abundance of populations, acting on scales varying from tens of meters to hundreds of kilometres. Furthermore, the use of Species Distribution Models (SDMs) with biological records of occurrence and high-resolution oceanographic data, allowed predicting species distributions across time. This approach highlighted the role of climate change, particularly when extreme temperatures prevailed during glacial and interglacial periods. These results, when combined with mtDNA and microsatellite genetic variation of populations allowed inferring for the influence of past range dynamics in the genetic diversity and structure of populations. For instance, the Last Glacial Maximum produced important shifts in species ranges, leaving obvious signatures of higher genetic diversities in regions where populations persisted (i.e., refugia). However, it was found that a species’ genetic pool is shaped by regions of persistence, adjacent to others experiencing expansions and contractions. Contradicting expectations, refugia seem to play a minor role on the re(colonization) process of previously eroded populations. In addition, the available habitat area for expanding populations and the inherent mechanisms of species dispersal in occupying available habitats were also found to be fundamental in shaping the distributions of genetic diversity. However, results suggest that the high levels of genetic diversity in some populations do not rule out that they may have experienced strong genetic erosion in the past, a process here named shifting genetic baselines. Furthermore, this thesis predicted an ongoing retraction at the rear edges and extinctions of unique genetic lineages, which will impoverish the global gene pool, strongly shifting the genetic baselines in the future.

Molecular biology of prolactin and prolactin receptor in a marine teleost: the sea bream(Sparus aurata)

Tese de dout. em Biologia, especialidade de Biologia Molecular, Unidade de Ciências e Tecnologias dos Recursos Aquáticos, Univ. do Algarve

Atlantic Area Eunis Habitats. Adding new habitat types from European Atlantic coast to the EUNIS Habitat Classification

Marine protection has been emphasized through global and European conventions which highlighted the need for the establishment of special areas of conservation. Classification and habitat mapping have been developed to enhance the assessment of marine environment and improve spatial and strategic planning of human activities and to help on the implementation of ecosystem based management. European Nature information System (EUNIS) is a comprehensive habitat classification system to facilitate the harmonised description and collection of habitat and biotopes that has been developed by the European Environment Agency (EEA) in collaboration with experts from institutions throughout Europe.

Genetic diversity across geographical scales in marine coastal ecosystems: Holothuria arguinensis a model species

Coastal lagoons are considered one of the most productive areas of our planet harboring a large variety of habitats. Their transitional character, between terrestrial and marine environments, creates a very particular ecosystem with important variations of its environmental conditions. The organisms that are able to survive on these ecosystems frequently experience strong selective pressures and constrictions to gene flowwith marine populations, which could contribute to genetic divergence among populations inhabiting coastal lagoon and marine environments. Therefore, the main aims of this study are to asses the genetic diversity and population structure of Holothuria arguinensis across geographical ranges, to test the hypothesis of coastal lagoons as hotspots of genetic diversity in the Ria Formosa lagoon, and to determine the role of exporting standing genetic variation from the lagoon to open sea and their implications to recent geographical expansion events. To reach these objectives, we investigate the genetic structure of H. arguinensis using two mitochondrial DNA markers (COI and 16S) at different spatial scales: i) small, inside Ria Formosa coastal lagoon, South Portugal; 2) large, including most of the geographical distribution of this species (South and Western Portuguese coast and Canary islands); these results will allow us to compare the genetic diversity of lagoonal and marine populations of H. arguinensis. On this framework, its recent geographical expansion events, recorded by Rodrigues (2012) and González-Wangüemert and Borrero-Pérez (2012), will be analyzed considering the potential contribution from lagoonal genetic pool. Non-significant genetic structure and high haplotypic diversity were found inside the Ria Formosa coastal lagoon. Both genes were unable to detect significant genetic differentiation among lagoonal and marine localities, suggesting a high rate of gene flow. The results supported our hypotheses that coastal lagoons are not only acting as hotspots of genetic diversity, but also contributing for the genetic variability of the species, working as a source of new haplotypes and enhancing adaptation to the high variable conditions. Different genetic patterns of colonization were found on H. arguinensis, but they must be studied more deeply.

Genetic considerations on the introduction of farmed fish in marine protected areas: The case of study of white seabream restocking in the Gulf of Castellammare (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea)

Human exploitation has drastically reduced the abundance and distribution of several marine fish and invertebrate populations through overfishing and habitat destruction. Restocking can potentially mitigate these impacts and help to reconstitute depleted stocks but genetic repercussions must be considered. In the present study, the degree of genetic similarity between white seabream (Diplodus sargus Linnaeus 1758) individuals reared for restocking purposes and the receiving population in the Gulf of Castellammare fishery reserve (Sicily, Italy) was assessed using microsatellites. We also inferred the spatial pattern of the genetic structure of D. sargus and connectivity along Sicilian coasts. The farmed population showed significant heterozygosity deficiency in 6 loci and an important reduction in the number of alleles, which could indicate an incipient inbreeding. Both the farmed population and the target one for restocking (Castellammare fishery reserve), showed high and significant values of genetic differentiation due to different allele frequencies, number of privative alleles and total number of alleles. These findings indicate a low degree of genetic similarity between both populations, therefore this restocking initiative is not advisable. The genetic connectivity pattern, highly consistent with oceanographic currents, identified two distinct metapopulations of white seabream around Sicily. Thus it is recommended to utilize broods from the same metapopulation for restocking purposes to provide a better genetic match to the wild populations.

Spatial and depth-associated distribution patterns of shallow gorgonians in the Algarve coast (Portugal, NE Atlantic)

The ecological role of gorgonians for marine rocky bottoms is worldwide recognized, but the information on the distribution patterns of NE Atlantic temperate species is insufficient, considering current global, regional and local threats. To overcome the lack of information on the spatial distribution patterns of gorgonians in south Portugal, in 2009/2010, the occurrence and abundance of gorgonian species in rocky bottoms were quantified over more than 25 km of coast (37.1N/8.6W) down to 30 m depth. Eunicella labiata, Eunicella gazella, Eunicella verrucosa and Leptogorgia sarmentosa were abundant and frequent in the studied area, while Leptogorgia lusitanica was less abundant. All species evidenced a similar depth pattern, that is abundance significantly increased with depth below 15 m. At shallower waters (up to 15 m), the distribution of gorgonians may be constrained by abiotic factors and competition with algae. Indeed, the abundance of gorgonians was negatively correlated with the percentage cover of algae along the depth gradient, but gorgonians and sponges coexist. Competition among gorgonian species also seems to be low in this area because of the similarity in the abundance pattern observed for the most abundant species and also their high association. In NE Atlantic shallow temperate rocky bottoms, the distribution of gorgonians seems to be influenced by environmental factors and biological interactions, namely competition (algae) and coexistence (sponges and other gorgonians).