Evaluation of the human factor in the scheduling of smart appliances in smart grids

Recently there has been an increase of interest in implementing a new set of home appliances, known as Smart Appliances that integrate Information Technologies, the Internet of Things and the ability of communicating with other devices. While Smart Appliances are characterized as an important milestone on the path to the Smart Grid, by being able to automatically schedule their loads according to a tariff or reflecting the power that is generated using renewable sources, there is not a clear understanding on the impact that the behavior of such devices will have in the comfort levels of users, when they shift their working periods to earlier, or later than, a preset time. Given these considerations, in this work we analyse the results of an assessment survey carried out to a group of Home Appliance users regarding their habits when dealing with these machines and the subjective impact in quality caused by either finishing its programs before or after the time limit set by the user. The results of this work are expected to be used as input for the evaluation of load scheduling algorithms running in energy management systems. © 2014 Springer International Publishing.

Thermal performance in a conventional fireplace and in an inset appliance

The objective of this study is to compare the performance of the equipment currently employed in the domestic heating with firewood, the conventional fireplace and the inset appliance with close firedoors. For such, it was followed the European Standard EN13229:2001/A2:2004. Efficiency and heat output is determined and the major heat losses that penalize the appliance performance are identified and calculated. Tests in laboratory were developed in two inset appliances, and tests in situ in one conventional fireplace. One of the appliances uses only staging as primary air, and the other only grate air In inset appliances, with a heat output near 10 kW, the average efficiency varies between 67% and 73%, while in a conventional fireplace that value lies at 30%. In all these devices the major losses take place as sensible heat in the flue gases, 23% to 30 % in inset appliances and above 50% in a conventional fireplace. The second most important heat loss happens by chemical losses in the flue gases. It takes values near 17% in a conventional fireplace and may be disregarded in an inset appliance.

Patient´s knowledge about radiation and radiological protection

Purpose: To obtain and analyse patient´s knowledge and perceptions regarding radiation exposure, from both natural and man-made radiation of medical procedures and interventions. Verify if patients worry about their exposure when undergoing medical exams, are aware of associated risks and means of radiological protection and if their knowledge on medical radiation exposure affects their own decisions. Methods and Materials: On a medical environment a self-applied questionnaire was used as instrument and assigned to patients who would undergo medical imaging exams involving ionising radiation. A total of 300 valid questionnaires were interpreted and statistically analysed through descriptive statistics and Phi & Cramer´s V correlation tests. Results: 44.3% of patients believe most of their exposure derives from electronic appliances and 25% from medical imaging exams, while patient´s with higher education levels tend to consider is comes from the environment. The great majority of patients (95%) consider that only certified personnel should operate medical imaging equipment, but 74% never ask for their qualifications. 66.3% of patients claim that Technologists have more education on radiological protection and about 60% of patients rarely or never worry about radiation exposure when undergoing medical imaging exams. Conclusion: Patients overestimate the risks of industrial radiation exposure while they underestimate the associated risks of medical radiation exposure and the Technologist´s ability to reduce the inherent radiation exposure of medical imaging exams. Patient´s knowledge on radiation and radiological protection is based more on perceptions and beliefs, rather than factual knowledge.