Caracterização dos ambientes intermareais nos deltas de enchente das barras da Ria Formosa recorrendo à aplicação de SIGS. Análise geomorfológica, sedimentar e hidrodinâmica

Um delta de enchente de uma barra pode-se definir como sendo um banco arenoso que resulta da acumulação de sedimentos marinhos imediatamente a montante da barra por processos hidrodinâmicos essencialmente controlados pela maré e pela fisiografia do sistema. Este trabalho teve como principal objetivo fazer uma caracterização dos vários ambientes intermareais nos seis deltas de enchente da Ria Formosa. Para esta caracterização recorreu-se a levantamentos batimétricos efetuados por um ROV, à identificação e caracterização in situ de vários ambientes intermareais, e por fim, a ferramentas SIG. Das principais conclusões deste trabalho realçam-se a caracterização dos deltas de enchente pela presença de megadunas de enchente, áreas de dunas, ripples e estrias de enchente, áreas de dunas de enchente parcialmente erodidas por dunas de vazante e por frentes de progradação de enchente. Realça-se também, que nos ambientes intermareais em estudo, associados às barras de São Luís e de Tavira, constataram-se taxas médias mensais de erosão da ordem dos 7206 m3/mês e dos 291 m3/mês, enquanto na Barra de Faro-Olhão, verificou-se uma tendência inversa, com uma taxa média mensal de sedimentação na ordem dos 57,7 m3/mês.

Comparison of small remotely operated vehicles and diver-operated video of circalittoral benthos

Underwater video transect methods using small remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and diveroperated video (DOV) are commonly used in benthic biodiversity assessments. Constraints posed by deeper waters have made surveys of the circalittoral zone ([30 m depth), a particularly challenging problem. Here we compare benthic diversity metrics and cluster analyses obtained with ROV and DOV between 45 and 65 m depth off southwest Iberia, across local (tens to hundreds of meters) and regional scales (tens of kilometers). Results showed no difference between methods in terms of the benthic species richness, taxonomic distinctness, and beta diversity, but only minor differences in the spatial structure depicted at the regional level. At the local scale, DOV performed better at discriminating patterns likely because of the divers visual acuity. We found that small ROV and DOV are reliable and comparable methods for the study of circalittoral benthic assemblages and can be used in a complimentary way to detect the greatest amount of variation in benthic ecosystems. Our study facilitates the understanding of capabilities and limitations of two underwater video methods and provides important insight into choice of the most appropriate technique.

Marine litter in the upper São Vicente submarine canyon (SW Portugal): abundance, distribution, composition and fauna interactions

Marine litter has become a worldwide environmental problem, tainting all ocean habitats. The abundance, distribution and composition of litter and its interactions with fauna were evaluated in the upper S. Vicente canyon using video images from 3 remote operated vehicle exploratory dives. Litter was present in all dives and the abundance was as high as 3.31 items100m(-1). Mean abundance of litter over rock bottom was higher than on soft substrate. Mean litter abundance was slightly higher than reported for other canyons on the Portuguese margin, but lower in comparison to more urbanized coastal areas of the world. Lost fishing gear was the prevalent type of litter, indicating that the majority of litter originates from maritime sources, mainly fishing activity. Physical contact with sessile fauna and entanglement of specimens were the major impacts of lost fishing gear. Based on the importance of this region for the local fishermen, litter abundance is expected to increase.

Lost fishing gear and litter at Gorringe Bank (NE Atlantic)

Studies concerning marine litter have received great attention over the last several years by the scientific community mainly due to their ecological and economic impacts in marine ecosystems, from coastal waters to the deep ocean seafloor. The distribution, type and abundance of marine litter in Ormonde and Gettysburg, the two seamounts of Gorringe Bank, were analyzed from photo and video imagery obtained during ROV-based surveys carried out at 60–3015 m depths during the E/V Nautilus cruise NA017. Located approximately 125 nm southwest of Portugal, Gorringe Bank lays at the crossroad between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean and is therefore characterized by an intense maritime traffic and fishing activities. The high frequency of lost or discarded fishing gear, such as cables, longlines and nets, observed on Gorringe Bank suggests an origin mostly fromfishing activities,with a clear turnover in the type of litter (mostly metal, glass and to amuch lesser extent, plastic) with increasing depth. Litter was more abundant at the summit of Gorringe Bank (ca. 4 items·km−1), decreasing to less than 1 item·km−1 at the flanks and to ca. 2 items·km−1 at greater depths. Nevertheless, litter abundance appeared to be lower than in continental margin areas. The results presented herein are a contribution to support further actions for the conservation of vulnerable habitats on Gorringe Bank so that they can continue contributing to fishery productivity in the surrounding region.