Profiles of ageing in the South of Portugal: education and cognitive functioning in elderly persons living in institutionalized and community contexts

The region of the Algarve shows huge differences between the coastline where population in the urban areas grows, and the inland rural areas, in some cases very isolated, which frequently have high ageing indexes. This general scenario, with an elderly population with very different economic and social conditions, frames the ongoing PhD research designed as a cross-sectional study of an intentional sample of elderly persons. The basic theoretical framework departs from the perspective of developmental psychology of life-span and the model of selection, optimisation and compensation for optimal ageing (Baltes & Baltes, 1990; Freund & Baltes, 2002). The present study is a first step in the analysis of empirical data collected in the PhD sample (N=156; age range 65 to 97 years; M = 80.4 years; SD = 7.2 years). Its purpose is to assess the cognitive functioning of participants, screening for cognitive impairment and examine the relations between the cognitive status of the subjects and a number of selected variables including educational level, age, physical activity and living contexts of the subjects. We accessed the cognitive status of the participants with the Portuguese version of Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) finding a 10.3% prevalence of positive cases with cognitive impairment. The results also show significant relationships between the cognitive status accessed by the MMSE and educational level, professional qualification, age, living arrangement and activity level of the participants. The relationship verified between educational level and cognitive status of the participants was the largest correlation found in the study with the variability in educational level accounting for 44.8% of the variability in MMSE score. This results points in the same direction of several lines of research that corroborate the strong intercorrelation between education and cognitive functioning in old age.

A proteomic study of the effects of nutrient restriction in utero on postnatal metabolism

It is widely recognized that protein restriction in utero may cause metabolic and endocrine adaptations, which may be of benefit to the neonate on a short-term basis but may cause adverse long-term conditions such as obesity, Type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Adequate foetal and early post natal nutrient and energy supply is therefore essential for adult animal health, performance and life span. In this project it was investigated the progressive adaptations of the hepatic proteome in male mink offspring exposed to either a low protein (FL) or an adequate protein (FA) diet in utero fed either on a low protein (LP) or on an adequate (AP) diet from weaning until sexual maturity. Specifically, the aim was to determine the metabolic adaptations at selected phases of the animal’s first annual cycle and establish the metabolic priorities occurring during those phases. The three different morphological stages studied during the first year of development included, end of bone growth at 4 months of age, maximal fat accretion at 6 months of age and sexual maturity at 12 months of age. A reference proteome of mink liver coming from these different animal groups were generated using 2D electrophoresis coupled to MALDI-TOF analysis and the way in which dietary treatment affect their proteome was established. Approximately 330 proteins were detected in the mink liver proteome. A total of 27 comparisons were carried out between all different animal groups which resulted in 20 differentially expressed proteins. An extensive survey was conducted towards the characterization of these proteins including their subcellular localization, the biological processes in which they are involved and their molecular functions. This characterization allowed the identification of proteins in various processes including the glycolysis and fatty acid metabolism. The detailed analysis of the different dietary treatment animal groups was indicative of differences in metabolism and also to changes associated with development in mink.

O otimismo e as preocupações de carreira de adultos, desempregados ou empregados, em processo de formação

O otimismo é uma das variáveis da Psicologia Positiva que tem emergido como um fator próprio que influencia a forma como o indivíduo lida com as mudanças e dificuldades da vida. Ter uma atitude otimista permite-nos ter uma perspetiva da realidade e conseguir encarar os obstáculos como desafios, transformando-os em potencialidades. Ao longo dos anos o conceito de carreira tem sofrido algumas alterações. Atualmente, devido à evolução do mundo atual, existe cada vez mais uma preocupação com o desenvolvimento das carreiras e capacidade de acomodação às mudanças do mercado de trabalho. É com Donald Super que surge o conceito de preocupações de carreira, que advém da abordagem de ciclo de vida e de espaço de vida (life-span, life-space) da sua teoria do Desenvolvimento de Carreira (Martins, 2010). Esta dissertação de mestrado aborda o otimismo e as preocupações de carreira em adultos empregados e desempregados, integrados em diversas modalidades de formação. Participaram 98 participantes, distribuídos em dois grupos distintos, empregados (n=38; 38.8%) e desempregados (n=60; 61.2%), integrados em diferentes modalidades de formação. Os instrumentos aplicados foram a Escala de Otimismo de Barros de Oliveira (1998), que pretende medir o otimismo disposicional e pessoal, o Inventário de Preocupações de Carreira (Duarte, 1993), que avalia o planeamento da carreira e a previsibilidade de pensar no futuro e o questionário sociodemográfico. Os resultados analisados nesta investigação mostram que não se observam associações significativas entre as preocupações de carreira e o otimismo. Permite-nos também concluir que existe uma grande preocupação de mudança de carreira, essencialmente nos participantes desempregados.