Study of sewage sludge aimed at agricultural soil amendment by thermogravimetric analysis and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy

Thermal degradation and gaseous products evolving from the pyrolysis of sewage sludge, aimed at agricultural soil amendment, were investigated using Thermogravimetric Analysis in conjunction with Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis (TG-FTIR). The materials were studied in temperatures ranging from 30 to 800 ºC. Furthermore infrared spectra of sewage sludge samples were performed as a complementary technique. In parallel the sewage sludge was spiked with ibuprofen in order to test whether the mentioned techniques are able to detect the drug. Thermal analysis showed the range of 200-400ºC as the most characteristic for weight loss, corresponding with the organic matter volatilization, while the range of 500-800ºC was also characteristic and due to the volatilization of carbonates. On the other hand, ibuprofen-spiking tests identified at temperature range (150-250ºC) where the compound totally volatilizes, therefore, in this work, the detection of ibuprofen by TGA was established for concentrations higher than 0.5 g/kg sludge, concentration 102 times higher than the concentrations measured by other authors in regular sewage sludge (Martín, et al., 2010). A correlation has been found between the ibuprofen concentrations in the sludge and the intensity of the absorption bands, both for FT-IR spectra at the maximum emission temperature for ibuprofen (232ºC) as for the FT-IR spectra of the non-pyrolyzed samples.

IB-DFE receiver techniques for CP-assisted block transmission within DS-CDMA and MC-CDMA systems

MC-CDMA (MultiCarrier Code Division Multiple Access), currently regarded as a promissing multiple access scheme for broadband communications, is known to combine the advantages of an OFDM-based (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing), CP-assisted (Cyclic Prefix) block transmission with those of CDMA systems. Recently, it was recognised that DS-CDMA (Direct Sequence) implementations can also take advantage of the beneficts of the CP-assisted block transmission approach, therefore enabling an efficient use of FFT-based (Fast Fourier Transform), chip level FDE (Frequency- Domain Equalisation) techniques. In this paper we consider the use of IB-DFE (Iterative Block Decision Feedback Equalisation) FDE techniques within both CP-assisted MC-CDMA systems with frequency-domain spreading and DS-CDMA systems. Our simulation results show that an IB-DFE receiver with moderate complexity is suitable in both cases, with excellent performances that can be close to the single-code matched filter bound (especially for the CP-assisted DSCDMA alternative), even with full code usage.

Joint turbo equalization and cancelation of nonlinear distortion effects in MC-CDMA signals

In this paper, we consider low-PMEPR (Peak-to-Mean Envelope Power Ratio) MC-CDMA (Multicarrier Coded Division Multiple Access) schemes. We develop frequencydomain turbo equalizers combined with an iterative estimation and cancellation of nonlinear distortion effects. Our receivers have relatively low complexity, since they allow FFT-based (Fast Fourier Transform) implementations. The proposed turbo receivers allow significant performance improvements at low and moderate SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio), even when a low-PMEPR MC-CDMA transmission is intended.