Perfil neuropsicológico em doentes com epilepsia do lobo temporal

A epilepsia do lobo temporal (ELT) é o tipo de epilepsia refractária mais comum nos adultos. O compromisso da memória verbal nos doentes com ELT à esquerda é relativamente consensual. No entanto, no que concerne a outras funções como é o caso da atenção, funções executivas, rendimento intelectual e linguagem, o consenso não é tão generalizado. Nesta investigação fomos estudar o perfil neuropsicológico dos défices cognitivos apresentados por doentes com epilepsia do lobo temporal e clarificar o impacto da cronicidade da doença na cognição. Para esta investigação analisámos retrospectivamente um grupo de 76 doentes com epilepsia refractária, 48 doentes com epilepsia do lobo temporal (23 com foco à direita e 25 com foco à esquerda) e 28 doentes com epilepsia extratemporal. Aplicámos uma bateria de provas utilizada no âmbito do programa da Cirurgia da Epilepsia do Hospital de Egas Moniz, em Lisboa. Os resultados mostram que a bateria aplicada apresenta consistência interna no âmbito da avaliação dos doentes com ELT. Encontrámos que os doentes com ELT à direita e à esquerda apresentam um padrão generalizado de défices, sobreponíveis aos apresentados pelos doentes com epilepsia extratemporal, o que pode ser indicador de compromisso noutras áreas cerebrais para além do hipocampo. Um achado que consideramos pertinente foi o facto da memória verbal com interferência (memória a longo termo) não mostrar alterações nos doentes com ELT tanto à direita como à esquerda, sugerindo que esta função não está comprometida na ELT. Os nossos resultados mostram ainda que os doentes com ELT lateralizada à esquerda apresentam maior compromisso cognitivo do que os doentes com lateralização à direita. Por último, para além do padrão generalizado de défices cognitivos, também conseguimos observar o impacto da doença ao nível das variáveis sócio-demográficas.

An embodied approach to language: the role of bodily feedback in discourse processing

Theories of embodied cognition argue that language processing arises not from amodal symbols that redescribe sensorimotor and affective experiences, but from partial simulations (reenactments) of modality-specific states. Recent findings on processing of words and sentences support such a stance emphasizing that the role of the body in the domain of language comprehension should not be overlooked or dismissed. The present research was conducted to extend prior work in two important ways. First, the role of simulation was tested with connected discourse rather than words or sentences presented in isolation. Second, both “online” and “offline” measures of discourse comprehension were taken. In Experiments 1 and 2 participants’ facial postures were manipulated to show that preparing the body for processing of emotion-congruent information improves discourse comprehension. In Experiment 3 the direction of body posture was manipulated to show that implicit properties of simulations, such as spatial dimension or location, are at least somewhat involved in processing of large language segments such as discourse. Finally, in Experiments 4 and 5 participants’ body movement and body posture were manipulated to show that even understanding of language describing metaphorical actions physically impossible to perform involves constructing a sensorimotor simulation of the described event. The major result was that compatibility between embodiment and language strongly modulated performance effectiveness in experiments on simulation of emotion and metaphorical action. The effect of simulation on comprehension of discourse implying spatial dimension was fragile. These findings support an embodied simulation account of cognition suggesting that sensorimotor and affective states are at least partially implicated in “online” and “offline” discourse comprehension.

The activity of mouse Cerberus like 2 during cardiogenesis - genetic and morphogenetic studies

Cardiogenesis is a delicate and complex process that requires the coordination of an intricate network of pathways and the different cell types. Therefore, understanding heart development at the morphogenetic level is an essential requirement to uncover the causes of congenital heart disease and to provide insight for disease therapies. Mouse Cerberus like 2 (Cerl2) has been defined as a Nodal antagonist in the node with an important role in the Left-Right (L/R) axis establishment, at the early embryonic development. As expected, Cerl2 knockout mice (Cerl2-/-) showed multiple laterality defects with associated cardiac failure. In order to identify the endogenous role of Cerl2 during heart formation independent of its described functions in the node, we accurately analyzed animals where laterality defects were not present. We thereby unravel the consequences of Cerl2 lossof- function in the heart, namely increased left ventricular thickness due to hyperplasia of cardiomyocytes and de-regulated expression of cardiac genes. Furthermore, the Cerl2 mutant neonates present impaired cardiac function. Once that the cardiac expression of Cerl2 is mostly observed in the left ventricle until around midgestration, this result suggest a specific regulatory role of Cerl2 during the formation of the left ventricular myoarchitecture. Here, we present two possible molecular mechanisms underlying the cardiac Cerl2 function, the regulation of Cerl2 antagonist in activation of the TGFßs/Nodal/Activin/Smad2 signaling identified by increased Smad2 phosphorilation in Cerl2-/- hearts and the negative feedback between Cerl2 and Wnt/ß-catenin signaling in heart formation. In this work and since embryonic stem cells derived from 129 mice strain is extensively used to produce targeted mutants, we also present echocardiographic reference values to progressive use of juveniles and young adult 129/Sv strain in cardiac studies. In addition, we investigate the cardiac physiology of the surviving Cerl2 mutants in 129/Sv background over time through a follow-up study using echocardiographic analysis. Our results revealed that Cerl2-/- mice are able to improve and maintain the diastolic and most of systolic cardiac physiologic parameters as analyzed until young adult age. Since Cerl2 is no longer expressed in the postnatal heart, we suggest that an intrinsic and compensatory mechanism of adaptation may be active for recovering the decreased cardiac function found in Cerl2 mutant neonates. Altogether, these data highlight the role of Cerl2 during embryonic heart development in mice. Furthermore, we also suggest that Cerl2-/- may be an interesting model to uncover the molecular, cellular and physiological mechanisms behind the improvement of the cardiac function, contributing to the development of therapeutic approaches to treat heart failures.

Preenchimento sedimentar de duas zonas de dinâmica diferenciada no sapal de Castro Marim

Dissertação de mest. em Estudos Marinhos e Costeiros Ramo Gestão Costeira, Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Univ. do Algarve, 2002