Comparison of AGNES (absence of gradients and Nernstian equilibrium stripping) and SSCP (scanned stripping chronopotentiometry) for trace metal speciation analysis

The free metal ion concentrations obtained by SSCP (stripping chronopotentiometry at scanned deposition potential) and by AGNES (absence of gradients and Nernstian equilibrium stripping) techniques have been compared and the usefulness of the combination of both techniques in the same electrochemical cell for trace metal speciation analysis is assessed. The free metal ion concentrations and the stability constants obtained for lead(II) and cadmium(II) complexation by pyridinedicarboxylic acid, by 40 nm radius carboxylated latex nanospheres and by a humic acid extracted from an ombrotrophic peat bog were determined. Whenever possible, the free metal ion concentrations were compared with the theoretical predictions of the code MEDUSA and with the free metal ion concentrations estimated from ion selective electrodes (ISE). SSCP values were in agreement with the ones obtained by AGNES, and both of them agreed reasonably with the ISE values and the theoretical predictions. For the lead(II)-humic acid, it was not possible to obtain the stability constants by SSCP due to the heterogeneity effect. However, using AGNES it is possible to obtain, for these heterogeneous systems, the free bulk metal concentration, which allows us to retrieve the stability constant at bulk conditions.

The effect of sucrose on protein stability and fibrillation of prion and S6 protein

Aggregation and fibrillation of proteins have a great importance in medicine and industry. Misfolding and aggregation are the basis of many neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer and Parkinson. Osmolytes are molecules that can accumulate within cells and act as protective agents and they can inclusively act as protein stabilizers when cells are exposed to stress conditions. Osmolytes can also act as protein stabilizers in vitro. In this work, two different proteins were studied, the ribosomal protein from Thermus thermophilus and the mouse prion protein. The existence of an unstructured N-terminal on the prion protein does not affect its stability. The effect of the osmolyte sucrose on the fibrillation and stabilization of these two proteins was studied through kinectic and equilibrium measurements. It was shown that sucrose is able to compact the native structure of S6 protein in fibrillization conditions. Sucrose affects also folding and unfolding kinetic of S6 protein, delaying unfolding and increasing folding rate constants. The mechanism of stabilization by sucrose is non-specific because it is distributed for all protein structure, as it was demonstrated by a protein engineering approach. Sucrose delays the process of formation and elongation of S6 and prion protein from mouse. This delay is the result of the compaction of the native structure refered above. However, cellular toxicity studies have shown that fibrils formed in the presence of sucrose are more toxic to neuronal cells.