Responsabilidade social das empresas: um estudo de caso sobre a empresa Delta Cafés

A presente dissertação tem como grande tema a Responsabilidade Social das Empresas e, mais especificamente, as representações que os empresários têm sobre a forma como definem políticas e implementam práticas socialmente responsáveis. Assenta num estudo de caso realizado na empresa Delta Cafés, SGPS, S.A., sedeada em Campo Maior, no distrito de Portalegre, e objetivou perceber qual a visão que a própria empresa tem sobre as políticas e as práticas de Responsabilidade Social que tem vindo a desenvolver, ao longo dos 51 anos decorridos desde a sua fundação Inicialmente é feita uma abordagem à relação que se estabelece entre a sociedade e as empresas, assim como à emergência de incorporação da responsabilidade social nas suas práticas gestionárias, como fator determinante para o desenvolvimento sustentável das próprias empresas, da sociedade e do planeta. É ainda analisada a evolução histórica do conceito desde a segunda metade do século XX até à atualidade, bem como o papel que as organizações internacionais, supranacionais e nacionais têm desempenhado no processo de desenvolvimento da Responsabilidade Social no mundo empresarial. São igualmente apresentadas as principais teorias, modelos e abordagens de Responsabilidade Social, assim como alguns dos instrumentos que têm vindo a ser criados, com o objetivo de fomentar e promover a sua incorporação nas empresas. Como fontes de recolha de dados fez-se uso de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, de observação e de entrevista semi-estruturada. Os resultados da investigação permitem verificar que o desenvolvimento da empresa tem sido pautado pela construção e consolidação de uma cultura empresarial assente em valores que, sendo transversais a toda a estrutura da organização, lhe conferem coerência entre as políticas e as práticas de responsabilidade social. Permitem, ainda, verificar que a empresa tem uma visão ampliada do negócio, não se preocupando somente com objetivos económicos e comerciais, mas também com o impacto ambiental da sua atividade e pelo assumir de um papel ativo na melhoria da qualidade de vida das comunidades, tornando esse processo numa filosofia de gestão e transformando a Responsabilidade Social numa ferramenta de atuação global, que envolve todas as relações e áreas da empresa e dos grupos a ela ligada.

Development of a Piggybac based direct reprogramming system for derivation of integration free induced pluripotent stem cells

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSc) have great potential for applications in regenerative medicine, disease modeling and basic research. Several methods have been developed for their derivation. The original method of Takahashi and Yamanaka involved the use of retroviral vectors which result in insertional mutagenesis, presence in the genome of potential oncogenes and effects of residual transgene expression on differentiation bias of each particular iPSc line. Other methods have been developed, using different viral vectors (adenovirus and Sendai virus), transient plasmid transfection, mRNA transduction, protein transduction and use of small molecules. However, these methods suffer from low efficiencies; can be extremely labor intensive, or both. An additional method makes use of the piggybac transposon, which has the advantage of inserting its payload into the host genome and being perfectly excised upon re-expression of the transposon transposase. Briefly, a policistronic cassette expressing Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and C-Myc flanked by piggybac terminal repeats is delivered to the cells along with a plasmid transiently expressing piggybac transposase. Once reprogramming occurs, the cells are re-transfected with transposase and subclones free of tranposon integrations screened for. The procedure is therefore very labor intensive, requiring multiple manipulations and successive rounds of cloning and screening. The original method for reprogramming with the the PiggyBac transposon was created by Woltjen et al in 2009 (schematized here) and describes a process with which it is possible to obtain insert-free iPSc. Insert-free iPSc enables the establishment of better cellular models of iPS and adds a new level of security to the use of these cells in regenerative medicine. Due to the fact that it was based on several low efficiency steps, the overall efficiency of the method is very low (<1%). Moreover, the stochastic transfection, integration, excision and the inexistence of an active way of selection leaves this method in need of extensive characterization and screening of the final clones. In this work we aime to develop a non-integrative iPSc derivation system in which integration and excision of the transgenes can be controlled by simple media manipulations, avoiding labor intensive and potentially mutagenic procedures. To reach our goal we developed a two vector system which is simultaneously delivered to original population of fibroblasts. The first vector, Remo I, carries the reprogramming cassette and GFP under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (CAG). The second vector, Eneas, carries the piggybac transposase associated with an estrogen receptor fragment (ERT2), regulated in a TET-OFF fashion, and its equivalent reverse trans-activator associated with a positive-negative selection cassette under a constitutive promoter. We tested its functionality in HEK 293T cells. The protocol is divided in two the following steps: 1) Obtaining acceptable transfection efficiency into human fibroblasts. 2) Testing the functionality of the construct 3) Determining the ideal concentration of DOX for repressing mPB-ERT2 expression 4) Determining the ideal concentration of TM for transposition into the genome 5) Determining the ideal Windows of no DOX/TM pulse for transposition into the genome 6) 3, 4 and 5) for transposition out of the genome 7) Determination of the ideal concentration of GCV for negative selection We successfully demonstrated that ENEAS behaved as expected in terms of DOX regulation of the expression of mPB-ERT2. We also demonstrated that by delivering the plasmid into 293T HEK cells and manipulating the levels of DOX and TM in the medium, we could obtain puromycin resistant lines. The number of puromycin resistant colonies obtained was significantly higher when DOX as absent, suggesting that the colonies resulted from transposition events. Presence of TM added an extra layer of regulation, albeit weaker. Our PCR analysis, while not a clean as would be desired, suggested that transposition was indeed occurring, although a background level of random integration could not be ruled out. Finally, our attempt to determine whether we could use GVC to select clones that had successfully mobilized PB out of the genome was unsuccessful. Unexpectedly, 293T HEK cells that had been transfected with ENEAS and selected for puromycin resistance were insensitive to GCV.