Development of a Piggybac based direct reprogramming system for derivation of integration free induced pluripotent stem cells

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSc) have great potential for applications in regenerative medicine, disease modeling and basic research. Several methods have been developed for their derivation. The original method of Takahashi and Yamanaka involved the use of retroviral vectors which result in insertional mutagenesis, presence in the genome of potential oncogenes and effects of residual transgene expression on differentiation bias of each particular iPSc line. Other methods have been developed, using different viral vectors (adenovirus and Sendai virus), transient plasmid transfection, mRNA transduction, protein transduction and use of small molecules. However, these methods suffer from low efficiencies; can be extremely labor intensive, or both. An additional method makes use of the piggybac transposon, which has the advantage of inserting its payload into the host genome and being perfectly excised upon re-expression of the transposon transposase. Briefly, a policistronic cassette expressing Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and C-Myc flanked by piggybac terminal repeats is delivered to the cells along with a plasmid transiently expressing piggybac transposase. Once reprogramming occurs, the cells are re-transfected with transposase and subclones free of tranposon integrations screened for. The procedure is therefore very labor intensive, requiring multiple manipulations and successive rounds of cloning and screening. The original method for reprogramming with the the PiggyBac transposon was created by Woltjen et al in 2009 (schematized here) and describes a process with which it is possible to obtain insert-free iPSc. Insert-free iPSc enables the establishment of better cellular models of iPS and adds a new level of security to the use of these cells in regenerative medicine. Due to the fact that it was based on several low efficiency steps, the overall efficiency of the method is very low (<1%). Moreover, the stochastic transfection, integration, excision and the inexistence of an active way of selection leaves this method in need of extensive characterization and screening of the final clones. In this work we aime to develop a non-integrative iPSc derivation system in which integration and excision of the transgenes can be controlled by simple media manipulations, avoiding labor intensive and potentially mutagenic procedures. To reach our goal we developed a two vector system which is simultaneously delivered to original population of fibroblasts. The first vector, Remo I, carries the reprogramming cassette and GFP under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (CAG). The second vector, Eneas, carries the piggybac transposase associated with an estrogen receptor fragment (ERT2), regulated in a TET-OFF fashion, and its equivalent reverse trans-activator associated with a positive-negative selection cassette under a constitutive promoter. We tested its functionality in HEK 293T cells. The protocol is divided in two the following steps: 1) Obtaining acceptable transfection efficiency into human fibroblasts. 2) Testing the functionality of the construct 3) Determining the ideal concentration of DOX for repressing mPB-ERT2 expression 4) Determining the ideal concentration of TM for transposition into the genome 5) Determining the ideal Windows of no DOX/TM pulse for transposition into the genome 6) 3, 4 and 5) for transposition out of the genome 7) Determination of the ideal concentration of GCV for negative selection We successfully demonstrated that ENEAS behaved as expected in terms of DOX regulation of the expression of mPB-ERT2. We also demonstrated that by delivering the plasmid into 293T HEK cells and manipulating the levels of DOX and TM in the medium, we could obtain puromycin resistant lines. The number of puromycin resistant colonies obtained was significantly higher when DOX as absent, suggesting that the colonies resulted from transposition events. Presence of TM added an extra layer of regulation, albeit weaker. Our PCR analysis, while not a clean as would be desired, suggested that transposition was indeed occurring, although a background level of random integration could not be ruled out. Finally, our attempt to determine whether we could use GVC to select clones that had successfully mobilized PB out of the genome was unsuccessful. Unexpectedly, 293T HEK cells that had been transfected with ENEAS and selected for puromycin resistance were insensitive to GCV.

Perceções e sentimentos de um grupo de crianças sobre a aprendizagem da leitura e escrita

A aprendizagem da leitura e escrita é um processo multifatorial que se desenvolve ao longo da vida. Partindo deste pressuposto desenhou-se um estudo exploratório, com uma abordagem qualitativo-quantitativo para retratar a relação entre a dimensão afetivo-motivacional da criança e a aprendizagem da leitura e escrita, ao longo do 1º ano. Participaram neste estudo 21 crianças (12 rapazes e 9 raparigas) com idades entre os 5 e os 6 anos. Analisaram-se alguns conjuntos de variáveis: ambiente de literacia envolvente, aptidões básicas para a aprendizagem escolar, competências psicolinguísticas, cognitivas, de desempenho em literacia e a dimensão percetivo-afetiva da criança. Estabeleceram-se dois momentos de avaliação, nos quais se utilizaram os seguintes instrumentos: a Bateria de aptidões básicas para a aprendizagem escolar (Cruz, 1996); os subtestes de segmentação e reconstrução fonológica (Sim-Sim, 2001); de memória auditiva verbal (Viana, 2004); os testes de fluência verbal (Rebelo, 1993); do alfabeto, de leitura rápida (Rebelo, 1993); de escrita; e o Inquérito sobre perceções, hábitos e sentimentos associados à leitura e escrita. Também foram utilizados, num único momento, o subteste de memória de dígitos (Weschler, 1992) e a Escala pictórica de perceção de competência e aceitação social para crianças (Mata, Monteiro e Peixoto, 2008). Dezoito pais preencheram ainda um inquérito sobre hábitos de leitura e escrita, e a professora titular respondeu a um questionário sobre as suas práticas e crenças metodológicas. Dos resultados obtidos destaca-se: uma associação negativa moderada entre a idade em que os pais introduziram as atividades de literacia e o autoconceito de aceitação geral; uma associação positiva significativa entre a consciência fonológica e o conhecimento do alfabeto, no início do 1º ano de escolaridade, com um elevado autoconceito de competência cognitiva e autoconceito de competências de literacia, respetivamente, e que por sua vez parecem associar-se ao bom desempenho em leitura e escrita no 3º período.

Golf destinations' brand personality: the case of the Algarve

The purpose of this research is to develop and validate a measurement scale to assess golf destinations’ brand personality and therefore to perceive the destination personality of the Algarve as a golf destination. Based on literature review on human personality, brand personality, destination brand image and marketing scales validation procedures, an initial 36 unrepeated items were the base for a survey instrument. Those items were generated from the literature, from the results of individual interviews with experts in tourism and golf in the Algarve and from promotional texts in golf- related websites. After content validation, the items were allocated into categories of attributes by a panel of expert judges. A survey was then applied to a convenient sample of 600 golf players in the Algarve, and 545 (valid) questionnaires were analysed to refine the scale. Golf players assessed the components of the relational brand personality (functional, symbolic and experiential) as well as the Algarve as a golf destination. A taxonomy of brand personality was developed and tested in the Algarve as it is recognized as one of the world best golf destination. The developed taxonomy of brand personality was assessed in two ways: 1) through the overall perception of the Algarve as a golf destination and 2) through the perception of specific attributes of the destination grouped into three main categories (functional, symbolic and experiential). Therefore, two multi-dimensional brand personality models were estimated by using structural equation modelling. Findings of this study indicate that golf players ascribe personality characteristics to destinations. The brand personality of the Algarve is translated into three main dimensions enjoyableness, distinctiveness and friendliness when tourists/golf players reveal their overall perception of the destination. The brand personality of golf destination Algarve is reflected in the dimensions reliability, hospitality, uniqueness and attractiveness when tourists assess the components of the relational brand personality. Refined scales consisting of 10 and 12 items were finally derived meeting both reliability and validity requirements. This study does not replicate Aaker’s (1997) personality dimensions and very little parallelism can be drawn with Aaker’s (1997) brand personality scale since only three items from her scale were validated in both models: friendly and cheerful, (sincerity), reliable (competence). The same is verified concerning the ‘Big-five’. The human personality traits (HPT) validated to describe golf destinations personality are only four helpful, pleasant (agreeableness), relaxed (emotional stability), and innovative (intellect or openness). As far as destination image descriptors (DID) are concerned, the items appealing, relaxed and safe were validated, while traits suggested by the interviews and website promotional texts such as calm, natural, spectacular, unique, welcoming, and the best (destination-specific traits) appear to be appropriate to describe the personality of a golf destination. The results suggest that the overall perception of the Algarve´s brand personality is described by the dimensions enjoyableness, distinctiveness and friendliness. Moreover, the relational perspective revealed that the functional attributes of the destination are described by the dimension reliablility, while the symbolic attributes are described by the dimensions hospitablility and uniqueness and finally its experiential attributes are described by the dimension attractiveness. These results show that a golf destination´s brand personality should not just be based on good golf practices. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed in the context of destination brand personality.

Reconhecimento de expressões faciais em análogos clínicos

O reconhecimento de expressões faciais assume um papel importante nas relações interpessoais e no comportamento, sendo um preditor de um desenvolvimento social competente. A literatura tem documentado a existência de défices de precisão na capacidade de interpretar expressões faciais em indivíduos socialmente ansiosos e paranoides. A precisão da interpretação de expressões faciais assume, assim, um papel fundamental, tanto na ansiedade social como na paranoia, uma vez que pode contribuir para a génese e/ou manutenção das mesmas. Este estudo tem como objetivos geral analisar a natureza do reconhecimento de expressões faciais na ansiedade social e na paranoia. Foram recrutados 112 estudantes com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 28 anos. A partir das pontuações obtidas pelos 112 participantes na Escala de Ansiedade e de Evitamento em Situações de Desempenho e de Interação Social ou na Escala Geral de Paranoia, foram selecionados quatro grupos de indivíduos: um grupo com pontuações altas em ansiedade social (GAAS), um grupo com pontuações baixas em ansiedade social (GBAS), um grupo com pontuações altas na escala de paranoia (GAP) e um grupo com pontuações baixas na escala de paranoia (GBP). Os participantes preencheram, também, um questionário de dados sociodemográficos e responderam a quatro escalas que avaliaram a ansiedade social, a paranoia, o medo da avaliação negativa e a depressão. Para além disso, foi utilizado um conjunto de expressões faciais esquemáticas desenvolvidas por Lundqvist e colaboradores (1999) que foram avaliadas, pelos participantes, nas seguintes dimensões do diferencial semântico: valência negativa, atividade e potência. No que diz respeito à ansiedade social, os resultados sugerem que os GBAS apresentam algumas diferenças nas três dimensões do diferencial semântico no reconhecimento de expressões faciais comparativamente os GAAS. Relativamente aos grupos de paranoia, os resultados sugerem que os GAP apresentam algumas diferenças no reconhecimento de expressões faciais, apenas na valência negativa e na atividade, comparativamente com os GBP.

The activity of mouse Cerberus like 2 during cardiogenesis - genetic and morphogenetic studies

Cardiogenesis is a delicate and complex process that requires the coordination of an intricate network of pathways and the different cell types. Therefore, understanding heart development at the morphogenetic level is an essential requirement to uncover the causes of congenital heart disease and to provide insight for disease therapies. Mouse Cerberus like 2 (Cerl2) has been defined as a Nodal antagonist in the node with an important role in the Left-Right (L/R) axis establishment, at the early embryonic development. As expected, Cerl2 knockout mice (Cerl2-/-) showed multiple laterality defects with associated cardiac failure. In order to identify the endogenous role of Cerl2 during heart formation independent of its described functions in the node, we accurately analyzed animals where laterality defects were not present. We thereby unravel the consequences of Cerl2 lossof- function in the heart, namely increased left ventricular thickness due to hyperplasia of cardiomyocytes and de-regulated expression of cardiac genes. Furthermore, the Cerl2 mutant neonates present impaired cardiac function. Once that the cardiac expression of Cerl2 is mostly observed in the left ventricle until around midgestration, this result suggest a specific regulatory role of Cerl2 during the formation of the left ventricular myoarchitecture. Here, we present two possible molecular mechanisms underlying the cardiac Cerl2 function, the regulation of Cerl2 antagonist in activation of the TGFßs/Nodal/Activin/Smad2 signaling identified by increased Smad2 phosphorilation in Cerl2-/- hearts and the negative feedback between Cerl2 and Wnt/ß-catenin signaling in heart formation. In this work and since embryonic stem cells derived from 129 mice strain is extensively used to produce targeted mutants, we also present echocardiographic reference values to progressive use of juveniles and young adult 129/Sv strain in cardiac studies. In addition, we investigate the cardiac physiology of the surviving Cerl2 mutants in 129/Sv background over time through a follow-up study using echocardiographic analysis. Our results revealed that Cerl2-/- mice are able to improve and maintain the diastolic and most of systolic cardiac physiologic parameters as analyzed until young adult age. Since Cerl2 is no longer expressed in the postnatal heart, we suggest that an intrinsic and compensatory mechanism of adaptation may be active for recovering the decreased cardiac function found in Cerl2 mutant neonates. Altogether, these data highlight the role of Cerl2 during embryonic heart development in mice. Furthermore, we also suggest that Cerl2-/- may be an interesting model to uncover the molecular, cellular and physiological mechanisms behind the improvement of the cardiac function, contributing to the development of therapeutic approaches to treat heart failures.

As ideias das crianças sobre os tubarões e atividades em contexto de jardim de infância

O presente estudo foi desenvolvido num Jardim de Infância pertencente ao concelho de Olhão, com um grupo de crianças com idades compreendidas entre os 5 e os 6 anos. Este teve como motivação base abordar uma temática de sensibilização às ciências em Jardim de Infância, procurando responder a duas questões principais: Quais as ideias das crianças acerca dos tubarões? De que forma estas ideias evoluem na construção do conhecimento pessoal e sensibilização face aos tubarões? Desta forma, o estudo tem como principais objetivos: (i) identificar as ideias das crianças e do conhecimento de senso comum sobre os tubarões, através do desenho e (ii) sensibilizar as crianças para a conservação, preservação, respeito, valorização e proteção do ambiente, particularmente do tubarão, com recurso a um conjunto de atividades, com especial enfase, o teatro de dedoches/fantoches. Para tal, recorremos a uma metodologia de cariz qualitativo de recolha de informação e a um conjunto de atividades de intervenção implementadas em Jardim de Infância. Em suma, este estudo permitiu-nos refletir sobre uma prática educativa que valoriza e se centra no estudo das ideias das crianças contribuindo para a reconstrução dos seus próprios conhecimentos.

Identification and molecular characterization of bone-related micrornas: functional implications

Tese de doutoramento, Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, 2014

O modelo de Alcalar: vantagens comparativas de um paradigma residencial comunitário para idosos

Tese de doutoramento, Psicologia, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

Identification of novel molecular determinants of tissue mineralization in fish

The identification of genes involved in signaling and regulatory pathways, and matrix formation is paramount to the better understanding of the complex mechanisms of bone formation and mineralization, and critical to the successful development of therapies for human skeletal disorders. To achieve this objective, in vitro cell systems derived from skeletal tissues and able to mineralize their extracellular matrix have been used to identify genes differentially expressed during mineralization and possibly new markers of bone and cartilage homeostasis. Using cell systems of fish origin and techniques such as suppression subtractive hybridization and microarray hybridization, three genes never associated with mechanisms of calcification were identified: the calcium binding protein S100-like, the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase sdr-like and the betaine homocysteine S-methyltransferase bhmt3. Analysis of the spatial-temporal expression of these 3 genes by qPCR and in situ hybridization revealed: (1) the up-regulation of sdr-like transcript during in vitro mineralization of gilthead seabream cell lines and its specificity for calcified tissues and differentiating osteoblasts; (2) the up-regulation of S100-like and the down-regulation of bhmt3 during in vitro mineralization and the central role of both genes in cartilaginous tissues undergoing endo/perichondral mineralization in juvenile fish. While expression of S100-like and bhmt3 was restricted to calcified tissues, sdr-like transcript was also detected in soft tissues, in particular in tissues of the gastrointestinal tract. Functional analysis of gene promoters revealed the transcriptional regulation of the 3 genes by known regulators of osteoblast and chondrocyte differentiation/mineralization: RUNX2 and RAR (sdr-like), ETS1 (s100-like; bhmt3), SP1 and MEF2c (bhmt3). The evolutionary relationship of the different orthologs and paralogs identified within the scope of this work was also inferred from taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses and revealed novel protein subfamilies (S100-like and Sdr-like) and the explosive diversity of Bhmt family in particular fish groups (Neoteleostei). Altogether our results contribute with new data on SDR, S100 and BHMT proteins, evidencing for the first time the role for these three proteins in mechanisms of mineralization in fish and emphasized their potential as markers of mineralizing cartilage and bone in developing fish.

Characterization of TRIB2 following PI3K inhibition

Dissertação de mestrado, Oncobiologia,(Mecanismos Moleculares do Cancro), Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

Gestão de recursos humanos no Grupo Hubel

Dissertação de mestrado, Gestão de Recursos Humanos, Escola Superior de Gestão, Hotelaria e Turismo, Universidade do Algarve, 2014