Gameful connectivism: social bookmarking no SAPO Campus

A web moderna, ou web 2.0, assenta nos princípios de abertura e participação dos seus utilizadores. A natureza voluntária do uso de serviços da web 2.0, aliada à dependência da participação por parte dos seus utilizadores, leva a uma forte concorrência entre serviços semelhantes na web. Esta concorrência leva à procura de novas formas de diferenciação entre serviços. Neste contexto surge a indústria de gamification, que procura transferir elementos de videojogos a outros contextos para aumentar o envolvimento dos utilizadores. Contudo, o discurso desta indústria recente é alvo de fortes críticas de profissionais de game design. Neste trabalho de investigação apresenta-se tanto o discurso da indústria de gamification como as suas críticas. Assumindo que a abordagem atual da gamification assenta numa compreensão limitada dos videojogos, parte-se para a elaboração de um novo quadro concetual que possa guiar o desenho da interação em ambientes web. Esta abordagem fundamenta-se num levantamento bibliográfico da teoria do game design. O quadro concetual resultante é usado no desenho e desenvolvimento de um serviço de social bookmarking no Sapo Campus UA, uma plataforma de serviços web 2.0 para contextos educativos, com o objetivo explícito de aumentar a participação dos seus utilizadores na aplicação. A utilidade do quadro concetual é avaliada com sessões de teste com utilizadores do público-alvo do serviço. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o game design pode enriquecer o desenho da interação na web através da criação de ciclos de ação com resultado claro e feedback positivo.

The player and video game interplay in the gameplay experience construct

Among the many discussions and studies related to video games, one of the most recurrent, widely debated and important relates to the experience of playing video games. The gameplay experience – as appropriated in this study – is the result of the interplay between two essential elements: a video game and a player. Existing studies have explored the resulting experience of video game playing from the perspective of the video game or the player, but none appear to equally balance both of these elements. The study presented here contributes to the ongoing debate with a gameplay experience model. The proposed model, which looks to equally balance the video game and the player elements, considers the gameplay experience to be both an interactive experience (related to the process of playing the video game) and an emotional experience (related to the outcome of playing the video game). The mutual influence of these two experiences during video game play ultimately defines the gameplay experience. To this gameplay experience contributes several dimensions, related to both the video game and player: the video game includes a mechanics, interface and narrative dimension; the player includes a motivations, expectations and background dimension. Also, the gameplay experience is initially defined by a gameplay situation, conditioned by an ambient in which gameplay takes place and a platform on which the video game is played. In order to initially validate the proposed model and attempt to show a relationship among the multiple model dimensions, a multi-case study was carried out using two different video games and player samples. In one study, results show significant correlations between multiple model dimensions, and evidence that video game related changes influence player motivations as well as player visual behavior. In specific player related analysis, results show that while players may be different in terms of background and expectations regarding the game, their motivation to play are not necessarily different, even if their performance in the game is weak. While further validation is necessary, this model not only contributes to the gameplay experience debate, but also demonstrates in a given context how player and video game dimensions evolve during video game play.