A escrita colaborativa a distância em inglês língua estrangeira

O presente estudo investigou a temática da escrita colaborativa a distância, no Ensino Superior, em Inglês Língua Estrangeira. A escrita foi estudada de uma perspectiva processual, valorizando, portanto, o caminho que os alunos percorrem até ao produto final. O ambiente colaborativo reforçou este processo, na medida em que proporcionou, aos alunos, um espaço de discussão e melhoramento das diversas versões do texto. Por outro lado, a componente de ensino a distância de blended learning contribuiu, também, para um processo mais interactivo, mais colaborativo e, ao mesmo tempo, mais distanciado, o que beneficiaria o desenvolvimento da competência de escrita dos alunos e, simultaneamente, dos próprios alunos enquanto indivíduos. A investigação procurou averiguar diversos aspectos relacionados com o tipo de ensino já referido: aspectos evolutivos do processo de escrita na colaboração a distância – nomeadamente, as alterações efectuadas aos textos e seu impacto –; estratégias postas em prática pelos participantes em trabalho de escrita colaborativa a distância em Inglês Língua Estrangeira (ILE); formas de colaboração presentes no trabalho e a influência do ensino a distância no trabalho de escrita colaborativa. Para atingir as metas enumeradas, foi seleccionada uma turma de Língua e Cultura Inglesa II, 2º ano, da licenciatura em Ensino de Português/Inglês, da Universidade de Aveiro, que levou a cabo as diversas tarefas de escrita processual colaborativa, tarefas essas determinadas e realizadas através do webCT da Universidade de Aveiro (com uma página adaptada especialmente para a turma em questão). Todo o trabalho realizado pelos alunos foi ali registado para posterior análise. Tornou-se claro, ao longo da análise dos dados, que o ambiente a distância criou várias dificuldades aos alunos, implicando a criação de estratégias para as resolver. Por outro lado, a colaboração dentro dos grupos revelou-se um evidente benefício quer em termos de tarefas, quer em termos do desenvolvimento, motivação e envolvimento pessoais dos alunos. Também a abordagem processual à escrita trouxe resultados díspares: um dos grupos escrevia habitualmente segundo este modelo, não notando diferenças significativas, enquanto que o outro grupo valorizou o processo como um benefício para a escrita, sobretudo pelas fases de revisão que incluía. Pretendeu-se, com a análise referida e sumariada, conseguir não só investigar a escrita colaborativa a distância mas, também, identificar estratégias válidas para o ensino desta competência, estratégias essas que possam ajudar ao desenvolvimento de um ensino de escrita com mais sucesso e melhores resultados, sobretudo do ponto de vista dos alunos. É urgente um aprofundamento desta área ainda pouco desenvolvida, uma vez que as práticas de escrita se afastam cada vez mais da realidade actual, uma realidade construída em conjunto, por indivíduos que trabalham em ambientes virtuais e reais, sendo, portanto, relevante integrar os alunos nestes contextos, para melhor os preparar para o mundo de hoje. ABSTRACT: The study presented here has investigated collaborative writing at a distance in English as a Foreign Language (EFL), with University students. Students were encouraged to write according to a process model, which valued the stages of writing rather than the final product resulting from it. The collaborative environment strengthened the process, in the sense that it gave students room for discussion and improvement of the different versions of the text. On the other hand, distance learning contributed to a more collaborative and interactive process and, at the same time, more distanced, which benefited the development of the students’ writing skills and of the students as individuals. The investigation aimed to study several aspects of collaborative writing at a distance: the evolution of the writing process in distance collaboration, strategies used by the participants when writing collaboratively at a distance, initial writing competences of the participants and eventual advantages of distance learning for the collaborative revision phase of the writing process. In order to accomplish the proposed goals, we selected a class from those in the second year taking English Language and Culture II, of the English/ Portuguese Teaching “Licenciatura” degree at the University of Aveiro, and a web page was created for them. This page registered all the work done by the students along the project, establishing the data for future analysis. From this class, two groups were selected as case studies, in order to carry out a deeper and more comprehensive study of the process. We intended not only to investigate collaborative writing at a distance but also to identify valid strategies for the teaching of writing. Such strategies might aid the development of a more successful teaching of this competence, with better and more lasting results in students. Further research in this poorly developed area is urgent, as the practices of writing get further apart from the current reality. Nowadays, it is becoming growingly common to work both in real and virtual environments. It is thus relevant to integrate students in both, in order to prepare them for today’s world – our mission as teachers and educators.

Network virtualisation from an operator perspective

Network virtualisation is seen as a promising approach to overcome the so-called “Internet impasse” and bring innovation back into the Internet, by allowing easier migration towards novel networking approaches as well as the coexistence of complementary network architectures on a shared infrastructure in a commercial context. Recently, the interest from the operators and mainstream industry in network virtualisation has grown quite significantly, as the potential benefits of virtualisation became clearer, both from an economical and an operational point of view. In the beginning, the concept has been mainly a research topic and has been materialized in small-scale testbeds and research network environments. This PhD Thesis aims to provide the network operator with a set of mechanisms and algorithms capable of managing and controlling virtual networks. To this end, we propose a framework that aims to allocate, monitor and control virtual resources in a centralized and efficient manner. In order to analyse the performance of the framework, we performed the implementation and evaluation on a small-scale testbed. To enable the operator to make an efficient allocation, in real-time, and on-demand, of virtual networks onto the substrate network, it is proposed a heuristic algorithm to perform the virtual network mapping. For the network operator to obtain the highest profit of the physical network, it is also proposed a mathematical formulation that aims to maximize the number of allocated virtual networks onto the physical network. Since the power consumption of the physical network is very significant in the operating costs, it is important to make the allocation of virtual networks in fewer physical resources and onto physical resources already active. To address this challenge, we propose a mathematical formulation that aims to minimize the energy consumption of the physical network without affecting the efficiency of the allocation of virtual networks. To minimize fragmentation of the physical network while increasing the revenue of the operator, it is extended the initial formulation to contemplate the re-optimization of previously mapped virtual networks, so that the operator has a better use of its physical infrastructure. It is also necessary to address the migration of virtual networks, either for reasons of load balancing or for reasons of imminent failure of physical resources, without affecting the proper functioning of the virtual network. To this end, we propose a method based on cloning techniques to perform the migration of virtual networks across the physical infrastructure, transparently, and without affecting the virtual network. In order to assess the resilience of virtual networks to physical network failures, while obtaining the optimal solution for the migration of virtual networks in case of imminent failure of physical resources, the mathematical formulation is extended to minimize the number of nodes migrated and the relocation of virtual links. In comparison with our optimization proposals, we found out that existing heuristics for mapping virtual networks have a poor performance. We also found that it is possible to minimize the energy consumption without penalizing the efficient allocation. By applying the re-optimization on the virtual networks, it has been shown that it is possible to obtain more free resources as well as having the physical resources better balanced. Finally, it was shown that virtual networks are quite resilient to failures on the physical network.