Desenvolvimento de competências em expressão/produção escrita: um estudo com adultos inscritos no sistema nacional de reconhecimento, validação e certificação de competências

Actualmente, uma das principais preocupações educativas centra-se na adaptação do ensino às características da sociedade moderna, em constante mutação, que requer o desenvolvimento de competências (Perrenoud, 1999), entre as quais a capacidade de aprender ao longo da vida (European Commission, 2007). No caso português, esta preocupação tem conduzido à valorização das competências adquiridas em contextos de aprendizagem não formais e informais, através do Sistema Nacional de Reconhecimento, Validação e Certificação de Competências (RVCC). O nosso conhecimento sobre o Sistema tem revelado que algumas das principais dificuldades dos adultos que o frequentam decorrem de lacunas graves na expressão/produção escrita, que desempenha um papel relevante no processo. Combinando aspectos de investigação-acção com um design investigativo de estudo de caso, o nosso trabalho centrou-se numa intervenção didáctica, que partiu da identificação e caraterização de competências e de lacunas em expressão/produção escrita em língua materna de um grupo de adultos a frequentar o Sistema RVCC (Nível Secundário) para a subsequente conceção, implementação e avaliação de estratégias/instrumentos para desenvolver as competências em falta. Foram recolhidos dados relativos ao desempenho dos adultos através de tarefas integradas no Portefólio Reflexivo de Aprendizagem, em três fases distintas, para posterior análise de conteúdo. Foram, ainda, recolhidas e analisadas as representações dos adultos sobre as competências que julgavam deter neste domínio, por se tratar de um fator determinante no processo. Neste caso, a recolha de dados fez-se através da aplicação de um questionário inicial e um outro no final da intervenção didáctica, que foram objecto de análise qualitativa.

Nanosensor for assessing the risk of a cardiovascular disease

The incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) has been increasing according to the European and global statistics. Thus, the development of new analytical devices, such as biosensors for assessing the risk of CVD could become a valuable approach for the improvement of healthcare service. In latest years, the nanotechnology has provided new materials with improved electronic properties which have an important contribution in the transduction mechanism of biosensors. Thus, in this thesis, biosensors based on field effect transistors with single-walled carbon nanotubes (NTFET) were developed for the detection of C-reactive protein (CRP) in clinical samples, that is, blood serum and saliva from a group of control patients and a group of CVD risk patients. CRP is an acute-phase protein, which is commonly known as the best validated biomarker for the assessment of CVD, the single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) were applied as transduction components, and the immunoreaction (interaction between the CRP antigen and the antibodies specific to CRP) was used as the mechanism of molecular recognition for the label-free detection of CRP. After the microfabrication of field effect transistors (FET), the screening of the most important variables for the dispersion of SWCNT, the assemblage of NTFET, and their application on standard solutions of CRP, it was found that NTFET respond accurately to CRP both in saliva and in serum samples, since similar CRP levels were found with the NTFET and the traditional methodology (ELISA technique). On the other hand, a strong correlation between salivary and serum CRP was found with NTFET, which means that saliva could be used, based on non-invasive sampling, as an alternative fluid to blood serum. It was also shown that NTFET could discriminate control patients from CVD risk patients, allowing the determination of a cut-off value for salivary CRP of 1900 ng L-1, which corresponds to the well established cut-off of 3 mg L-1 for CRP in serum, constituting an important finding for the possible establishment of a new range of CRP levels based on saliva. According to the data provided from the volunteer patients regarding their lipoprotein profile and lifestyle factors, it was concluded that the control and the CVD risk patients could be separated taking into account the various risk factors established in literature as strong contributors for developing a CVD, such as triglycerides, serum CRP, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, body mass index, Framingham risk score, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus. Thus, this work could provide an additional contribution to the understanding of the association of biomarkers levels in serum and saliva samples, and above all, cost-effective, rapid, label-free, and disposable NTFET were developed, based on a noninvasive sampling, for the assessment of CVD risk, thus constituting a potential point-of-care technology.